One Community is designing an open source and free-shared Duplicable City Center to save resources and help model a redefinition of how people choose to live. This page will explain the process of calculating and designing all the structural engineering details with the following sections:
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Structural engineering, a subfield of civil engineering, applies the principles of physics, mathematics, and empirical expertise to safely design the framework and load-bearing components of human-made structures. In contemporary times, it encompasses a comprehensive and intricate knowledge base that can precisely anticipate how various shapes and materials employed in structures will withstand external forces and stress. These principles of structural engineering have been employed since ancient times, as evidenced by the construction of iconic structures such as the Egyptian pyramids and the Greek Acropolis, thousands of years ago.
Opening up the field of structural engineering to open-source principles can revolutionize the way we design and build our infrastructure. By sharing knowledge, processes, and tools openly, we foster collaboration among experts worldwide, democratize access to cutting-edge technology, and accelerate innovation. This approach not only ensures that best practices are widely accessible but also invites scrutiny and peer review, leading to safer and more efficient designs. Additionally, open-source structural engineering promotes cost-efficiency, making it easier for communities with limited resources to access the expertise needed for sustainable development. In an era where climate change and resource constraints demand creative solutions, open-sourcing structural engineering can pave the way for a more resilient, adaptable, and equitable built environment, benefiting society as a whole.
Sharing the plans and research for projects like the Duplicable City Center is important so that other engineers and designers can use our ideas to make their own projects even better. This collaborative approach not only promotes knowledge sharing but also accelerates the development of sustainable and adaptable solutions that can address the evolving challenges of urban development and infrastructure in an increasingly interconnected world.
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Haoxuan “Hayes” Lei: Structural Engineer
Jin Yu: Structural Engineering Designer
Shuna Ni: Structural Engineer
Zhide Wang: Mechanical Engineer
Charles Gooley: Web Designer
Julia Meaney: Web and Content Reviewer and Editor
One Community is designing an open source and free-shared Duplicable City Center® to help model a redefinition of how people choose to live, save resources, and function as a revenue generator and starting point for DIY and replicable sustainable city construction. It will open source 15 different templates and function as a recreation center, large-scale dining hall, large-scale laundry facility, and alternative for visitors that might not (at first) be comfortable staying in the Earthbag Village or Straw Bale Village.
Once complete, the Duplicable City Center will be the largest open source/DIY structure in the world. As part of One Community, it will be a diversely functional, ultra-eco-friendly (LEED Platinum Certifiable), space and resource saving community center designed to be replicated. It is meant to be (but doesn’t need to be) built as the central and/or starting point of any one of the seven (7) One Community sustainable village models. Its purpose is to support a redefinition of how people live by providing a space more beautiful than most people’s homes that replaces the need for individual kitchens, living rooms, laundry rooms, and other in-home recreation spaces. It is also purposed to function in conjunction with One Community’s open source nonprofit and for-profit business models as both a non-profit teacher/demonstration community, village, or city center and/or the central structure of an eco-tourism destination. To our knowledge, it will also be the first open source and DIY commercial building ever to be built.
Building a duplicable city center is an opportunity for people to improve their way of living through investing resources in shared space. As part of One Community’s 4-phase global change strategy, we will demonstrate building a city center like this as providing five (5) primary benefits:
In traditional society, each family home contains space for socializing with friends, preparing and eating meals, and doing laundry. We believe that we will save significant space and resources by providing shared access to a high-quality environment for these activities within our City Center instead. This, in accordance with our global change methodology, creates another path to the One Community global-change model spreading on its own. Here’s a video tour of the structure and why we think people will be happy for this alternative to traditional housing models:
The Duplicable City Center Open Source Portal (Collaborative resource and information hub)
This resource, tutorial, and structure are for:
Content coming…
The purpose of Conceptual Design of Duplicated City Center Building (hereafter Building) can be elaborated as follow:
The Conceptual Design is considered to be a Model Building that can be constructed at various locations. The Building will be designed in accordance with all applicable codes in the United States.
In this phase, the following locations are considered:
Figure 1 – Considered Locations for the Model Building
The minimum Requirement of International Zoning Code [Ref. 2.1.1.1] shall be considered.
Prior to the selection of the site, the utility companies for Water & Sewage, Electricity, Gas and Communication shall be determined.
The Municipality of the selected area (Local Jurisdiction City/County) shall be determined and contacted to obtain all applicable codes and regulations.
The Design Criteria for Structural Design will be considered as envelope of the criteria for various locations.
Table 1 – Occupant Load Factor Based On Function Of Space – Click to open the spreadsheet in a new tab
The Building is designed for Multi-purpose use.
The following will elaborate the floor plans and Occupancy categories:
Figure 2 – Occupancy Determination ” Basement Level
Figure 3 ” Occupancy Determination ” 1st Level (Updated)
Number of exits:
Figure 4 – Spaces with One Exit or Exit Access Doorway
Table 7 – Occupancy Specifications Basement And First Floor – Click to open the spreadsheet in a new tab
Stairway:
See 1011.2 Width and Capacity and 1009.1 Stairway Width.
The width of stairways shall be determined as specified in Section 1005.1, but such width shall not be less than 44 inches (1118 mm). See Section 1007.3 for accessible means of egress stairways.
Exceptions:
Door: 1010.1.1
Based on the occupancy classifications considered in Table 1 to Table 5, the Occupancy A2, A3, A4, R2, and S2 are considered for this Building. The following tables show the allowable Area for each occupancy.
Each story of a mixed-occupancy building with more than one story above grade plane shall individually comply with the applicable requirements of section 508.1. For buildings with more than three stories above grade plane, the total building area shall be such that the aggregate sum of the ratios of the actual area of each story divided by the allowable area of such stories, determined in accordance with equation 5-3 based on the applicable provisions of section 508.1, shall not exceed three, provided the aggregate sum of the ratios for portions of mixed-occupancy, multistory buildings containing A, E, H, I, L and R occupancies, high-rise buildings, and other applications listed in Section 1.11 regulated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal, including any other associated non-separated occupancies, shall not exceed two.
Equation 5-3:
AA = [AT +(NS Ô IF)]
Where:
AA = Allowable area (square feet).
AT = Tabular allowable area factor (NS, S13R or SM value, as applicable) in accordance with Table 506.2.
NS = Tabular allowable area factor in accordance with Table 506.2 for a non-sprinklered building (regardless of whether the building is sprinklered).
IF = Area factor increase due to frontage (percent) as calculated in accordance with Section 506.3.
Allowable area for each floor: struction Type IIA,
0.246 + 0.177 + 0.06 + 0.08 = 0.563 < 2
Figure 5 – Allowable Area Factor ( At= NS, S1, S13R, or SM as applicable) in Square Feet
Figure 6 – Allowable Area Factor (At= NS, S1, S13R, S13D or SM as applicable) in Square Feeta,b,j
Figure 7 – Allowable Area Factors
See Table 504.3 and Table 504.4
Figure 8 – Allowable Number of Stories Above Grade Planea,b,n
Beside the Allowable Area, other conditions will determine the Type of Building:
5.4.1.1 Main Structural System (Lateral System)
The Structural System is considered as Steel Moment Frame system.
5.4.1.2 Load Bearing System (Gravitational System)
All applicable loads will be transferred via Floor System to the Main Structural System. The Floor Design is considered as the Composite Beam System. In certain places, Timbers may be considered for the Roof System (if CBC allows it).
Figure 9: Composite Beam Section
5.4.1.3 Roof System
Beside the Dome, the other Roof of Building can be designed as Timber with the Proper Roof Classification (Class A recommended).
Per the Structural System (5.4.1.1 and 5.4.1.2), and the Allowable Area (Section 5.3.1), the Type of Building is defined as TYPE II-A. All Material Specifications shall be considered based on TYPE II-A.
Figure 10: Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements for Building Elements (Hours)
Content coming…
The minimum net glazed area shall be not less than 8 % of the floor area of the room served.
Content coming…
According to the requirement of Interior Quality Views for LEED BD+C: New Constructionv4 – LEED v4, we must “achieve a direct line of sight to the outdoors via vision glazing for 75% of all regularly occupied floor area. View glazing in the contributing area must provide a clear image of the exterior, not obstructed by frits, fibers, patterned glazing, or added tints that distort color balance. …”. To make sure we achieved this, we drew diagrams indicating the direct line of sight to the outdoors and calculated the total regularly occupied floor area with views. The results (see table below) showed that the current design achieves the goal – 91.44% on the first floor; 90.9% on the second floor; and 100% on the fourth floor. The maximum credit of interior quality views in the indoor environmental quality section is 1 point.
Table 14 – Total Regularly Occupied Floor Area with Views – First Floor – Click to open the spreadsheet
Table 15 – Total Regularly Occupied Floor Area with Views – Second Floor – Click to open the spreadsheet
The following images illustrate the information shown in the chart above. Black areas are the only regularly occupied areas that don’t have line of sight to the outdoors. Second-floor views are 100%, so there aren’t any black areas indicated.
Figure 11 – Illustration of the Total Regularly Occupied Floor Area with Views
406.2.2 Clear Height:
The clear height of each floor level in vehicle and pedestrian traffic areas shall be not less than 7 feet (2134 mm). Canopies under which fuels are dispensed shall have a clear height in accordance with Section 406.7.2.
Exception: A lower clear height is permitted for a parking tier in mechanical-access open parking garages where approved by the building official.
This building is considered as Category II.
Table 16 – Risk Category of Building and other Structures [Ref. 2.1.2.2- Table 1604.5] – Click to open the spreadsheet
Buildings and other structures containing toxic, highly toxic, or explosive substances shall be eligible for classification to a lower Risk Category if it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the authority having jurisdiction by a hazard assessment as described in Section 1.5.3 that a release of the substances is commensurate with the risk associated with that Risk Category.
Note:
The effects on the structure and its component due to the forces stipulated in this section shall be taken as the notional load, N, and combined with the effects of other loads in accordance to the following load combinations.
Where material resistance depends on load duration, notional loads are permitted to be taken as having a duration of 10 minutes.
6.2.3.1. Strength Design Notional Load Combinations
1.2D + 1.0N + L + 0.2S
0.9D + 1.0N
6.2.3.2. Allowable Stress Design Notional Load Combinations
D + 0.7N
D + 0.75 (0.7N) + 0.75L+ 0.75 (Lr or S or R)
0.6D + 0.7N
Figure 12 – Minimum Live Loads [Table 1-4]
Partition load shall not be less than 15psf (Exception: P.L. not required if min. live load exceeds 80psf).
The concentrated loads mentioned in the table 4-1 shall be applied on the area of 2.5ft x 2.5ft uniformly.
Figure 13 – Design Load for Guardrail and Handrail
Reference [ASCE 7-16 Table 4-1] or [CBC Table 1607.1]
Figure 14 – Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads [Table C4-1]
Figure 15 – Minimum Design Dead Loads [Table 1-3]
If At Ô KLL â°¥ 400ft2 & Lo â°¤ 100psf â L = L0 ( 0.25 + 15/√AT Ô KLL ) â°¥ {0.5 Sup. One floor 0.4 Sup. Two or more Floor
AT = Tributary Area
L0 = Live Load Mentioned in Table 4 of this doc. Partition load is not allowed to be reduced
KLL=
Figure 16 – Live Load Element Factor, KLL [Table 4-2]
{If L0 > 100 psf { No Reduction – Sup. One Floor 20% -Sup. two or more If Passenger Vehicle Garage { No Reduction – Sup. One Floor 20% – Sup. two or more Floors If Assembly Use – No Reduction is allowed
Figure 17 – One-way Slab
{If L0 > 100 psf { No Reduction – Sup. One Floor 20% – Sup. two ̢蠬 more If Passenger Vehicle Garage { No Reduction – Sup. One Floor 20% – Sup. two or more Floors
If Assembly Use – No Reduction is allowed
If AT Ⱕ 150 ft2 R (%) = 0.08 (A – 150)
R â°¤ min { 40% Sup. One Floor 60% Sup. One Floor 23.1 * (1 + D/L0) D = Dead Load ( psd) L0 – Unreduced Live Load (psf)
For One-way slab: AT = W Ô 0.5 W = 0.5 W2 (W = Slab Span)
L = L0 (1 – R/100)
Lr = L0 R1 R2 Â 12 â°¤ Lr â°¤ 20
R1 = {1 if AT Ⱔ 200ft2 1.2 – 0.001AT if 200 ft 2 < AT < 600 ft 2 0.6 if AT Ⱕ 600 ft2
R2 = {1 if F Ⱔ 4 1.2 – 0.05 F if 4 < F < 12 0.6 if F Ⱕ 12
F: Number of inches of rise per foot (Gable)
Rise to Span Ratio multiply by 32 (Arch or Dome)
F = R/S Ô 32
Figure 18 – Rise and Span Illustrated
See Figure 7-1 from ASCE7-10. The following maps are provided to designate the location on Fig. 7-1. For Alaska See Table 7-1 (Figure 19).
Figure 19 – Ground Snow Loads, for Alaskan Locations
Hawaii Pg = 0 psf (Except mountains determined by authorities)
Figure 20 – USA Maps (States)
Figure 21 – USA Maps (States and Major City)
Pf = 0.7 Ce Ct Is Pg > Pmin (Flat Roof) = { If Pg Ⱔ 20 psf ⡠Pmin = Is Pg Otherwise ⡠Pmin = 20 psf . Is
Flat Roof = Monoslope, hip, gable less than 15° Curved roof vertical angles less than 10°.
Figure 22 – Surface Roughness Category B, C, and D
Figure 23 – Exposure Categories (See Table 2-1 for Notation)
Figure 24 – Table 2-1 Applicable Ground Surface Roughness
E. Minimum Snow Load (For Flat Roof ONLY)
For mono-slope, hip, gable w/ slope < 15°
For curved roof, vertical angle from eave to crown < 10°
Pmin = { If Pg Ⱔ 20 psf ⡠Pmin = IsPg Otherwise ⡠Pmin = 20 psf Is
Note: Minimum Snow Load Shall NOT be added to the drift, sliding, unbalanced or partial loads.
Ps = Cs Pf
-2Pf shall be applied on all overhanging portions of eave for two type of warm roofs:
Pf = flat roof snow load for heated portion of the roof up – slope
Figure 25 – Roof Snow Load for Overhanging Eave [Figure C7-4]
F. Unbalanced Snow Load For Continuous Beams
Figure 26 – Partial Loading Diagram for Continuous Beams [Figure 7-4]
If cantilever is presented, consider as a span.
Partial loads are not required for rafter beams in gable roof when slope Ⱕ 2.38 °.
G. Unbalanced Snow Load For Hip and Gable Roof
Figure 27 – Balanced and Unbalanced Snow Loads for Hip and Gable Roofs
H. Unbalanced Snow Load For Curved Roof
Figure 28 – Unbalanced Snow Load for Curved Roof
ÃŽ² < 30° ( Case 1)  Ò Ã’ 30° < ÃŽ² < 70° (Case 2)  Î² > 70° (Case 3)
ÃŽ± > 70° = PR = 0
ÃŽ³ ????âžÅ½Ã°˜”????âžÅ½ ???????? ????ð˜â”¢Ã°˜Å”????????ð˜Å”???? ????????ð˜Å¸Ã°˜Å½Ã°˜”????h???? ð˜â”¢Ã°˜”????????????ð˜Å¸Ã°˜Å”ð˜Å¡ 70° ???????? ÃŽ³ < 10° ð˜Å”ð˜Å¸ ÃŽ³ > 60° ð˜Æ’???? = 0
Figure 29 – Balanced and Unbalanced Loads Dependent on the Slope at Eaves
I. Unbalanced Snow Load For Dome Roof
Unbalanced snow loads shall be applied to domes and similar rounded structures. Snow loads, determined in the same manner as for curved roofs in Section 7.6.2, shall be applied to the downwind 90° sector in plan view. At both edges of this sector, the load shall decrease linearly to zero over sectors of 22.5° each. There shall be no snow load on the remaining 225° upwind sector.
Figure 30 – Unbalanced Snow Load for Dome Roof
J. Unbalanced Snow Loads for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Barrel Vault Roofs
Figure 31 – Balanced and Unbalanced Loads on a Sawtooth Roof
Apply if slope exceeds 3/8 in. / ft Cs = 1.0 Balanced snow load equals pf.
The unbalanced snow load shall increase from 0.5pf at the ridge or crown to 2Pf/Ce
the snow surface above the valley shall not be at an elevation higher than the snow above the ridge.
Figure 32 – Drifts Formed and Windward and Leeward Steps
Figure 33 – Configuration of Snow Drifts on Lower Roofs
ÃŽ³S = 0.13pg + 14 < 30 pcf)
hb = pf/s/ÃŽ³s  hc = hParap – hb
if hc/hb < 0.2 â No Drift
Pd = hd ÃŽ³s
If lu < 20 ft, use lu = 20ft
hd = 0.43 ∺lu ∜pg+10 – 15 See Below for the hd Values
For Leeward Drift  lu – Upper Roof  Ò Ã’ hd_Leeward = hd Factor 1.0
For Windward Drift lu = Lower Roof  hd_Windward = 0.75hd Factor 0.75
Pd_MAX = Max (hd_Leeward , hd_Windward) ÃŽ³s
Figure 34
If W > lu â Truncate the Load
For Leeward:
hd = { if S < 20 and S â°¥ 6H â¡ No Drift hd = 0 if S < 20 and S < 6H â¡ hd = (hd , 6hâˆS / 6)
W = (6hd , (6h – S)
Figure 35
Windward:
Calculate hd per Section 18.5 but it shall be truncated per the above sketch.
Figure 36
Case I: Attached Lower Roof
The Sliding shall be considered if the slope of the main roof is greater than 0.25/12 for slippery and 2/12 for non-slippery roof. For slopes less than the criteria, no sliding snow load is required.
Condition: The Sliding Snow load will be uniformly distributed on 15ft. So, if the lower roof is smaller than 15ft, the load shall be truncated.
Case II: For a roof adjacent to the main roof
If S > 15 No Sliding Snow
Figure 37
Need NOT to add Sliding Snow to Drift or Unbalanced ” Superimposed on Balanced ONLY.
For Parapet: L = lu (Windward)
For Parapet, hd = 0.75 hd
hd = 0.75 (0.43 ∺lu · ∜pg+10 – 1.5 (See also Table but use ¾ hd)
For Projections: L = lu = max ( l1, l2 ) less than 15ft (No Drift is required) hd = 0.75 hd
hd = 0.75 (0.43 ∺lu ∜pg+10 – 1.5 (See also Table but use ¾ hd)
Figure 38
if Pg < 20psf and Slope < W/50 â Prain = 5psf surcharged load to sloped roof balanced
Need NOT to add rain snow to Drift, Unbalanced, Sliding, Minimum Snow Load.
Q = 0.0104 A. i
A = roof area serviced by a single drainage system, in ft2 (m2)
i = design rainfall intensity as specified by the code having jurisdiction, in./h (mm/h)
Q = flow rate out of a single drainage system, in gal/min (m3/s)
Rain Load: R = 5.2 (ds + dh)
Select type of secondary drain and plug the Q into table and find the dh , ds will be given.
Figure 39 – Hydraulic Head for Rain Load (dh) [Table C8-1]
Figure 40
Wice = Vi Ô Yice
Yice â°¥ 56pcf
Vi = π Ô td Ô Ai
Ai = π Ô td Ô (Dc + td)
For Flat Plate Ai_Dome_Sphere = π Ô r2)
td = 2.0 Ô t Ô Ii Ô fz Ô Kzt0.35
Kzt : ASCE 7 – 10 Chapter 26 (Wind)
Content coming…
fz = {(Z/33)0.1 if 0 < Z < 900ft 1.4 Â if Z > 900 ft
Figure 41 – Ice Thickness in Eastern Half of the US
t = ASCE7 – 10 Figure 10 – 2 to 10 – 5
The Parameter SS and S1 will be obtained by Map (Fig. 22-1 to 22-5) or USGS website.
Site Class depends on soil properties. Based on the site soil properties, the site shall be classified as Site Class A, B, C, D, E, or F in accordance with Chapter 20.
Consider Site Class “D” (Default) when soil properties are not defined unless the authority having jurisdiction or geotechnical data determines Site Class E or F soils are present at the site.
di : Thickness of any layer between 0 and 100 ft
vsi : The shear wave velocity ft / s
A. Average Field Standard Penetration Resistance N
Ni : Standard Penetration Resistance (SPR for SPT)
not to exceed 100 blows/ft for Cohesionless, Cohesive, and Rock Layers
B. Average Field Standard Penetration Resistance for Cohesionless Soil Layer Nch
Ni : Standard Penetration Resistance (SPR for SPT) not to exceed 100 blows/ft,
For Rock Layer, Ni Shall be taken as 100 blows/ft
ds: Total thickness of cohesionless soil layers in the top 100ft
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters
Fa , Fv…………..Site Coefficient
Figure 42 – Site Coefficient, Fa [Table 11.4-1]
Figure 43 – Site Coefficient, Fv [Table 11.4-2]
The two values provided Ss and S1, represent the risk targeted maximum considered earthquake (MCE) response accelerations at a period of 0.2 second, and 1.0 second for site class B soil profile and 5-percent damping. Periods of 0.2 second and 1.0 seconds represent the approximate natural period of short and tall building, respectively.
Design Earthquake is two-third (2/3) of the corresponding maxim um considered earthquake effect.
Design Earthquake Ground Motion is two-third (2/3) of the corresponding maximum considered earthquake.
SDS = 2/3 SMS Â Ã’ Ã’ Ã’ Ã’ SD1 = 2/3 SM1
Sa = SDS (0.4 + 0.6 T/T0)
Sa = SD1 / T Â Ã’ Ã’ Ã’ Ã’ Ã’ Sa = (SD1 Ô TL) / T2
T = Fundamental Period of the Structure
TL = Fig. 22 – 16 (ASCE7 – 10)
T0 = 0.2Ts = 0.2 SD1/SDS Ts = SD1/SDS
Figure 44 – Spectral Response Acceleration vs Period Graph
PGAM = FPGA • PGS (Peak Ground Acceleration)
Figure 45 – Site Coefficient (FPGA ) [Table 11.8-1]
6.8.8.1. Minimum Seismic Force for Separate Joint
FE_min_SJ = (0.133 SDS , 0.05) Ô weight of connection portion
6.8.8.2. Minimum Seismic Force for Connection to Support
FE_min_Conn = 0.05 Ô (D + L)
6.8.8.3. Combination of Framing system in the Same Direction ” Vertical Combination
Where different seismic force-resisting systems are used in combination to resist seismic forces in the same direction other than those combinations considered as dual systems, the most stringent applicable structural system limitations contained in Table 12.2-1 shall apply and the design shall comply with the requirements of this section.
D. Vertical Combination
{If Rupper > Rlower â¡ {For Upper Portion – Use Upper R for Force and Drift and Force
For Lower Portion – Use Lower R for Drift and force shall be adjusted by
If Rupper < Rlower â¡ Use Upper System for the entire building
Figure 46
Exception:
6.8.8.4. Two-Stage Analysis Procedure
When upper portion is flexible compare to lower portion:
6.8.8.5. Combination of Framing system in the Same Direction ” Horizontal Combination
R, Cd , ÃŽ©req = (R, Cd , ÃŽ©)
Exception:
Resisting elements are permitted to be designed using the least value of R for the different structural systems found in each independent line of resistance if the following:
Figure 47
6.8.8.6. Combination Framing Detailing Requirements
Structural members common to different framing systems used to resist seismic forces in any direction shall be designed using the detailing requirements from ASCE 7-16 of Chapter 12 required by the highest response modification coefficient, R, of the connected framing systems.
6.8.8.7. Resisting System-Specific Requirements
A. Dual System
For a dual system, the moment frames shall be capable of resisting at least 25% of the design seismic forces. The total seismic force resistance is to be provided by the combination of the moment frames and the shear walls or braced frames in proportion to their rigidities.
B. Cantilever Column System
Cantilever column systems are permitted as indicated in Table 12.2-1 and as follows:
C. Increased Structural Height Limit
For Steel Eccentrically, Braced Frames, Steel Special Concentrically Braced, Frames, Steel Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames, Steel Special Plate Shear Walls, and Special Reinforced cast in-place Concrete Shear Walls.
IF:
D. Steel Ordinary Moment Frame
For Seismic Design Category D, E:
For Seismic Design Category F:
E. Steel Intermediate Moment Frame
For Seismic Design Category D:
For Seismic Design Category E:
For Seismic Design Category F:
F. Steel Special Moment Frame
A special moment frame that is used but not required by Table 12.2-1 is permitted to be discontinued above the base and supported by a more rigid system with a lower response modification coefficient, R. See 22.3.
G. Shear Wall-Frame Interaction System
The shear strength of the shear walls of the shear wall-frame interactive system shall be at each story. The frames of the shear wall-frame interactive system shall be capable of resisting at least 25% of the design story shear in every story.
6.8.8.8. Flexible Diaphragm Condition
Figure 48 – Flexible Diaphragm [Figure 12.3-1]
Figure 49
Steel decking or wood structural panels are flexible if any of the following conditions exist:
In structures of light-frame construction where all of the following conditions are met:
6.8.8.9. Rigid Diaphragm
Concrete slabs or concrete-filled metal deck with span-to-depth ratios of 3 or less in structures that have no horizontal irregularities are permitted to be idealized as rigid.
6.8.8.10. Rigid Diaphragm Analysis
The diaphragm contains two major centers:
In any circumstances, two major torsion can occur based on the position of the CM and CR:
Figure 50
If type 1a and 1b Horizontal (Torsional) Irregularity, the accidental torsion shall be amplified by a factor of
Distribution of Shear and Torsion to Seismic Force Resisting Members
X-Direction
Y-Direction
6.8.8.11. Irregular and Regular Classifications
A. Horizontal Irregularities
B. Vertical Irregularities
6.8.8.12. Redundancy Factor
A. Redundancy factor ρ = 1.0
ρ = 1.3 but ρ = 1.0 will be apply to the following:
B. Redundancy factor for SDC D, E, F
Except Extreme Torsional irregularity, the ρ = 1.3 can be considered as ρ = 1.0 if:
Figure 51
Figure 52
6.8.8.13. Equivalent Lateral Force
V = Cs Ô Weff
C. Seismic Effective Weight
According to ASCE7-10 §12.7.2 Weff, the effective seismic weight is:
D. Fundamental Period of Structure
Per section 12.8.2 of ASCE, the period of structure shall be calculated per a substantiated method. The Rayleigh method is commonly used to determine the period of the structure
ÃŽ´i : Static elastic deflection @ level i
fi : Lateral Force @ level i
wi : Seismic weight @ level i
g: gravity acceleration 32.2ft / s2 or 386.4 in / s2
E. Approximate Fundamental Period of Structure
Method A: applicable for all structures
Ta = Ct Ô hnx
hn = Total height of Structure (ft)
From base to the highest level of resisting system (excluding parapet)
Table 28 ” Ct and x values for App. Fundamental Period of structures – Click to open the spreadsheet
Method B: applicable for Steel or Concrete Moment Resisting Frame not more than 12 stories above the base and average story height of 10ft minimum
Ta = 0.1 N
N:Number of Stories
Method C: applicable for Masonry or Concrete Shear Walls less than 120ft tall:
-AB = Area of Base
Ai = Web area of Shear Walls
hi = height of Shear Wall Di = Length of Shear Walls
X = Number of shear walls in the building effective
F. Upper Limit Fundamental Period of Structure
The calculated period of structure by rational method (Modal Analysis) shall not exceed the following upper limit:
Tr = Cu Ô Ta
Ta: Approximate Period (See Above)
6.8.8.14 Seismic Force in SCS “A”
V = Fx = 0.01W
V = Base Shear
Fx = Force @ Each Level
W = Total Dead Load
6.8.8.15. Vertical Distribution of Seismic Force
If shall be noted, the seismic force at each level is NOT Diaphragm force
Fx = Cvx Ô V
Figure 53
k = {1  Ò if T Ⱔ 0.5 sec 0.75 + 0.5T  Ò if  0.5sec < T < 2.5 sec 2  Ò if.  Ò T Ⱕ 2.5 sec
6.8.8.16. Overturning
When:
a) The Structures is designed by the Equivalent Lateral Force and,
b) The Structure is not cantilever column system,
The overturning moment may be reduced by 25% => Mo = Mo Ô 0.25
When modal response spectrum is considered:
The overturning moment may be reduced by 10% => Mo = Mo Ô 0.10
6.8.8.17. Retaining Wall Overturning and Sliding Safety Factor [Ref. IBC §1807.2]
ASD Load Combination with no Seismic SF=1.5 for sliding and overturning
ASD Load Combination with Seismic load (0.7 factor) SF=1.1 for sliding and overturning
Factor 1.0 times other nominal loads
6.8.8.18. Story Drift Determination
ÃŽ´x = Cd Ô ÃŽ´xe / Ie
ÃŽ´x = Amplified Deflection
ÃŽ´xe = Elastic Deflection
Figure 54 – Story Drift Determination [Figure 12.8-2]
ÃŽ1 = ÃŽ´1
ÃŽ2 = (ÃŽ´xe2-ÃŽ´xe1) Ô Cd / Ie
Figure 55 – Allowable Story Drift [Ref. ASCE 7-10 Table 12.12.1]
For Only moment frame in SDC D, E, F ÃŽa = ÃŽa/ρ
6.8.8.19. ρ – ÃŽ Effect
Px = D + L (No Factor)
If ÃŽ¸ â°¤ 0.1 P – ÃŽ can be neglected
ÃŽ¸ Shall not exceed ÃŽ¸max = 0.5/ÃŽ²Cd â°¤ 0.25
ÃŽ² = Shear Demand / Shear Capacity Conservatively use ÃŽ² = 1.0
If 0.1 < ÃŽ¸ â°¤ ÃŽ¸max Two methods can be considered for amplification of force:
6.8.8.20. Structural Separation
Where ÃŽ´M1 and 2 = maximum inelastic displacement at the same height
Figure 56
6.8.8.21. Directional Load Combination
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6.8.8.22. Limitation of Equivalent Lateral Force Analysis (ELFA)
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6.8.8.23. Diaphragm Loading
Figure 57
6.8.8.24. Out”of-Plane Seismic Force for Walls
0.1 wwall Ⱔ Fpx = 0.4 SDS Ie wwall (Ô0.7 ASD)
6.8.8.25. Anchorage for Walls
0.2 ka SDS Ie wwall (Ô0.7 AsD) Ⱔ Fpx = 0.4 ka SDS Ie wwall (Ô0.7 AsD)
ka = 1.0 Rigid Diaphragm
ka = 1 + Lf / 100
Lf = Length between Lateral Resisting Elements (shear walls) in the direction of seismic load
Exception:
If the diaphragms are not flexible and the and anchorage is not installed at the roof level, the out-of-plane force provided above can be reduced by a factor of:
Note:
If the spacing of anchors exceeds 4ft, the wall shall be designed for bending between anchors.
No ρ or ÃŽ©o is required to be considered.
6.8.8.26. Simplified Seismic Analysis Procedure
For small bearing wall or building frame-type structures, classified as Risk Category I or II and not exceeding three stories in height the following can be considered (ASCE 7-10 Sec. 12.14):
F = 1.0 for buildings that are one story above grade plane
F = 1.1 for buildings that are two stories above grade plane
F = 1.2 for buildings that are three stories above grade plane
R = the response modification factor from Table 12.14-1
W = effective seismic weight:
If this procedure is used, the overturning effects for foundation shall be calculated for 75% of foundation overturning design moment. The ratio is 0.75 instead of 1.0.
Drift Limits and Building Separation need not be calculated. For other purposes 1% of height of structure (hn).
6.8.9.1. Application
This section does not apply to:
Mechanical and Electrical Components in SDC D, E, F if all following apply:
Flexible connections are provided between components and associated ductworks, piping, conduit, and either:
Figure 58 – Exemptions to Seismic Design Requirements [Table 1-24]
6.8.9.2. Importance Factor
I – 1.5 for
6.8.9.3. Special Certification Requirements for Designated Seismic System
ICC-ES AC 156 – Seismic Certification by Shake-table Testing of Nonstructural Components
6.8.9.4. Seismic Demand on Nonstructural Components
A. Horizontal Seismic
Figure 59 – 1 for Rp and ap [Figure 13.5]
B. Vertical Seismic
Fp_Verticle = ± 0.2 SDSWp
Vertical Seismic is exempt for lay – in access floor panel and lay – in ceiling panels
ρ = 1.0 and Ω = does not apply except anchorage to concrete
6.8.9.5. Seismic Demand on Nonstructural Components (Modal Analysis)
ai = Acceleration @ level i per Modal Analysis
Ax = (ÃŽ´max/1.2ÃŽ´avg)2 Section 12.8.4.2 Eq. 12.8-14
6.8.9.6. Seismic Relative Displacement
A. Displacement within the Structure
Dp = ÃŽ´xA ∠δyA
Figure 60
Alternative method based on Modal Analysis:
ÃŽaA : Allowable Story Drift for Structure “A”
Table 12.12-1 (Figure 55)
B. Displacement Between Structure
The Dp shall not be more than:
Figure 61
ÃŽaA or B:Allowable Story Drift for Structure “A or B” Table 12.12.-1 (Figure 55)
No Friction Clip is allowed for Seismic Design category D, E, or F
6.8.9.7 Glass
ÃŽfallout â°¥ 1.25 IeDp
ÃŽfallout : relative seismic displacement (Drift) by analysis or AAM 501.6
Exception: If the Glass has clear spacing from its frame
Dclear â°¥ 1.25 Dp
Dclear = 2c1 ( 1 + hpc2 / bpc1 )
hp = the height of the rectangular glass panel
bp = the width of the rectangular glass panel
c1 = the average of the clearances (gaps) on both sides between the vertical glass edges and the frame
c2 = the average of the clearances (gaps) top and bottom between the horizontal glass edges and the frame
Moment Frame both directions with HSS tube sections
Figure 62 – Diaphragm Connection to RHS column: (a)external (b) through
Figure 63 – Lifting Trucks/Devices
Consider the machine below as the high end for allowable size:
Figure 64 – Lift Truck Used for Steel Structure
Figure 65
California = 0
Utah = 20psf
Wind
Figure 66
California: 110 mph
Utah: 112 mph
Figure 67 – Map of Utah Counties
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Chapter 29 of CBC code – PLUMBING SYSTEMS
Figure 68 – Minimum Number of Required Plumbing Fixtures [Table 2902.1] Figure 69 – Minimum Number of Required Plumbing Fixtures (continued)
Figure 70 – Minimum Number of Required Plumbing Fixtures (continued part 2)
MIN Number of Required Plumbing Fixtures Calculation
Table 33 – Minimum Number of Required Plumbing Fixtures Calculated: First Floor – Click to open the spreadsheet
2902.3.3 Location of toilet facilities in occupancies other than malls. In occupancies other than covered and open mall buildings, the required public and employee toilet facilities shall be located not more than one story above or below the space required to be provided with toilet facilities, and the path of travel to such facilities shall not exceed a distance of 500 feet (152 m).
2902.6 Small occupancies. Drinking fountains shall not be required for an occupant load of 15 or fewer.
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A. This section includes fire-suppression equipment for Wet pipe sprinkler systems.
B. This section includes:
1. Pipes, fittings and specialities.
2. Fire protection valves.
3. Speciality valves.
4. Backflow preventer.
5. Fire department connections.
6. Sprinklers.
7. Alarm devices.
8. Manual control stations.
9. Pressure gauges.
C. Related Requirements:
1. Refer to FP Series Drawings for additional requirements.
2. Section XX for “Fire Extinguisher Cabinets”and “Fire Extinguishers” for cabinets and fire extinguishers.
A. CR: Chlorosulfonated polyethylene synthetic rubber.
B. FMG: Factory Mutual Global.
C. PE: Polyethylene plastic.
D. Underground Service-Entrance Piping: Underground service piping below the building.
A. Wet-Pipe Sprinkler System: Automatic sprinklers are attached to piping containing water and that is connected to water supply. Water discharges immediately from sprinklers when they are opened. Sprinklers open when heat melts fusible links or destroys fragile devices. Hose connections are included if indicated.
A. Standard Piping System Component Working pressure: Listed for at least 175 PSIG minimum working pressure.
B. Fire-suppression sprinkler system design shall be approved by authorities having jurisdiction.
1. Margin of safety for available water flow and pressure: 10 percent or 10 PSI, whichever is greater, including losses through water-service piping, valves, and backflow preventers. Unless noted otherwise, the safety margin shall be determined based on the hydraulic demand of each remote area.
2. Refer to FPXXX series drawings for sprinkler occupancy hazard classifications, minimum density for automatic-sprinkler piping design, and maximum protection area per sprinkler.
3. Where sprinkler system occupancy hazard classifications, minimum design density, and/or maximum protection area per sprinkler are not noted on contract drawings, they shall be in accordance with NFPA13, FM data sheet guidelines, and/or UL listings for equipment.
C. Seismic Performance: Sprinkler piping shall withstand the effects of earthquake motions determined according to NFPA 13 when required by the building code and ASCE/SEI 7.
A. Product Data: For each type of product, including rated capacities, operating characteristics, electrical characteristics, and furnished specialities and accessories, for the following:
1. Piping materials, including dielectric fittings, and sprinkler speciality fittings.
2. Pipe hangers and supports, including seismic restraints.
3. Valves, including listed fire-protection valves, unlisted general-duty valves, and speciality valves and trim.
4. Sprinklers, escutcheons, and guards. Include sprinkler flow characteristics, mounting, finish and other pertinent data.
5. Fire department connections, including type; number, size and arrangement of inlets; caps and chains; size and direction of outlet; escutcheon marking ; and finish.
6. Alarm devices, including electrical data.
B. Water Supply Data: Fire protection contractor shall arrange and conduct a waterflow test in accordance with the procedures of the local authority, prior to the preparation of hydraulic calculations. If a previous flow test or pump test results are used, the test must be within 12 months prior to shop drawing submission, in accordance with NFPA 13. Submit a copy of the test results for review/record.
C. Shop Drawings: Working plans prepared according to NFPA 13, that have been approved by authorities having jurisdiction, including hydraulic calculations for each zone, as applicable.
1. Include plans, elevations, sections and attachment details.
2. Include diagram power, signal, and control wiring3. Sprinkler systems, drawn to scale, on which the following items are shown and coordinated with each other, using input from installers of the items involved:
a. Piping, including domestic water and compressed air.
b. Mechanical ductwork, piping, and associated equipment.
c. Electrical conduits, equipment, and lighting.
d. Structural systems.
e. Cold.
D. Include locations of items for coordination, including inspector’s test connections and drain valves.
E. For shop drawings submitted in multiple sections, submit a full set of working drawings for information after approval of all sections.
F. Field Test Reports and Certificates: Indicate and interpret test results for compliance with performance requirements as described in NFPA 13. Include “Contractor’s Material and Test Certificate for Aboveground Piping” and Contractor’s Material and Test Certificate for Underground Piping.”
A. Non-coded, addressable system; multiplexed signal transmission dedicated to fire alarm service only.
A. Comply with NFPA 72.
B. Fire alarm signal initiation shall be by one or more of the following devices, as indicated:
1. Manual stations.
2. Heat detectors.
3. Spot-type smoke detectors.
4. Automatic sprinkler system water flow (water pressure switch or flow switch).
C. Fire alarm signal shall initiate the following actions:
1. Alarm notification appliances shall operate continuously.
2. Identify alarms at the FACP and remote annunciators.
3. De-energize electromagnetic door holders.
4. Transmit an alarm signal to the remote alarm receiving station.
5. Unlock electric door locks in designated egress paths.
6. Release fire and smoke doors held open by magnetic door holders.
7. Switch heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning equipment controls to fire alarm mode.
8. Close smoke dampers in air ducts of the system serving zone where the alarm was initiated.
9. Record events in the system memory.
D. Supervisory signal initiation shall be by one or more of the following devices or actions:
1. Operation of a fire-protection system valve tamper switch.
2. Duct smoke detectors.
3. Supervisory signal-initiating devices on early warning detection systems.
4. Supervisory bypass for pre-action sprinkler zone, fire smoke dampers, air sampling smoke detection, and air handling equipment smoke shutdown.
E. System trouble signal initiation shall be by one or more of the following devices or actions:
1. Open circuits, shorts and grounds of wiring for initiating device, signaling line, and
notification-appliance circuits.
2. Opening, tampering, or removal of alarm-initiating and supervisory signal-initiating devices.
3. Loss of primary power at the FACP.
4. Ground or a single break in FACP internal circuits.
5. Abnormal ac voltage at the FACP.
6. A break in standby battery circuitry.
7. Failure of battery charging.
8. Abnormal position of any switch at the FACP or annunciator.
9. Abnormal position of any manual bypass switch.
10. Trouble condition indicated at any air-sampling smoke detector.
11. Low-air-pressure switch operation on a dry-pipe or pre-action sprinkler system.
F. System Trouble and Supervisory Signal Actions: Ring trouble bell and annunciate at the FACP and remote annunciators. Record the event in system memory.
The objective of this document is to provide a procedure for Engineering Document Control.
This procedure provides a guideline for Engineering Document Numbering system. The ISO 9001 considered as the main reference.
Document Control System provides an environment to protect, search, and obtain the documents and associated revisions.
All Engineering documents shall be identified by a specific number, which will be described later in this procedure.
All Engineering documents shall be reviewed and approved prior to be released as “Issue for Construction”.
Dropbox will be utilized to store all Engineering Documents.
A specific property shall be defined in the Database to control versions of a specific Engineering Document.
All Engineering Documents provided by Contractor or 3rd Part Contractors must be reviewed and approved by Owner prior to acceptance and release for use. A specific Number shall be assigned by Owner.
Specification Numbering Procedure
Table 36 – need to provide
Open-sourcing structural engineering and projects like the Duplicable City Center is essential because it allows engineers and designers to share their knowledge and collaborate on making them even better. This will make the buildings of the future safer and better. By working together and sharing ideas, we can create innovative solutions that benefit everyone and address the challenges of urban development while also encouraging replication and customization for unique projects and visions.
Q: Where can I get more information about your philosophies for world change?
Please take a look at each of these additional pages: (click icons)
Q: Why geodesic domes?
Geodesic domes were chosen for a broad diversity of reasons. First, we wanted a structure that could be purchased and shipped anywhere in the world, were uniquely attractive, and provided large open spaces that big groups of people would feel really comfortable in. Domes are beautiful, purchased as kits, and the curved walls and ceiling (in this case 35 feet or 10.7 meters high in the center) use approximately a third less surface area to enclose the same volume as a traditional box home. Geodesic domes also perform well as passively heated and cooled structures because the aerodynamics of the rounded walls encourage air to travel efficiently around inside the building. The geodesic design is also especially beneficial structurally in that the larger the building, the stronger the dome. The round structures also weather hurricanes and tornados significantly better than box structures.
Q: How does this structure fit into the global transformation and open source goals of One Community?
As this page states, the Duplicable City Center sets an example of how to save money and resources through cooperative and shared laundry, dining and food preparation, and recreation space for over 300 people. It will also produce significant revenue through its rental rooms. In addition to this, the Duplicable City Center is meant to provide a high-end and profitable option for people who either:
With our Highest Good of All philosophy being to provide something for everyone, the above three benefits of this structure specifically hold value for a higher-end and investment-focused demographic. As part of One Community’s global transformation methodology, we see this as an opportunity for corporations and other private investors to start sustainable and self-sufficient teacher/demonstration communities, villages, and cities with a traditional, contractor-buildable, and profitable building like this and then use our same community membership model to provide people with free housing or a potential revenue stream (see “Community Sponsored Business” example) in return for free labor to help build one of the 7 village models.
Investors save money and members have the potential to build themselves a house and/or a revenue stream in return for investing their time (no financial investment). On top of this, both investors and members are contributing to further spreading and sharing teacher/demonstration communities, villages, and cities.
"In order to change an existing paradigm you do not struggle to try and change the problematic model.
You create a new model and make the old one obsolete. That, in essence, is the higher service to which we are all being called."
~ Buckminster Fuller ~
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