One Community
Food Forest Canopy Plantings
This page is our team’s research into food forest canopy plantings. It includes food forest canopy plant pictures, descriptions, cultural considerations, planting guidelines, and links to additional information. For food forest creation information visit the Food Forest Open Source Hub. The Food Forest Open Source Hub is also where you can find the results of our research into complete purchasing details for all plants listed on this page. These food forest canopy plantings could work elsewhere but were chosen primarily for USDA zone 7a-7b.
This page is divided into the following sections:
- Specific Plants for Each Food Forest Section
- Other Related Pages
- Ways to Contribute to Evolving This
- Food Forest Component Elements Overview and Planting Guidelines
- Food Forest Canopy Planting Specifics for Zone 7a, 7b, and 8
- Plant Providers Resource List (where to buy)
- Summary
- FAQ
CLICK IMAGES FOR PAGES WITH COMPLETE PLANT LISTS FOR EACH SECTION
CLICK HERE FOR ALL THE PLANT PURCHASING RESEARCH
OTHER RELATED PAGES (click individual icons for complete pages)
WAYS TO CONTRIBUTE TO EVOLVING THIS SUSTAINABILITY COMPONENT WITH US
SUGGESTIONS | CONSULTING | MEMBERSHIP | OTHER OPTIONS
FOOD FOREST ELEMENTS OVERVIEW
Our complete food forest includes a symbiotic cultivation of the following 8 key areas:
Canopy, Understory, Vines, Shrubs, Herbs, Groundcover, Root Crops, and Edge Plantings.
CLICK IMAGE TO VISIT THE FOOD FOREST OPEN SOURCE HUB WITH MORE INFO
Listed below are descriptions of each of the food forest canopy plants we will be growing. Where genera are listed, it indicates that more than one species of that genus would be useful. Individual species listings indicate that the species in question has attributes of interest that are unique to the species. Those listing with a (†) indicate that these entries may be marginally adaptable onsite, and should therefore be considered experimental.
A NOTE ON PLACEMENT SPECIFICS
Placing individual species in their appropriate locations will need to wait until we are on the property. We are saving this decision process until we are on site because of the complex matrix of plant needs that must take in the specifics of the different areas of the property for maximum benefit. This includes sun and shade requirements, cold hardiness, soil and drainage preferences, ultimate size of the plant, allelopathic considerations, winter shadows, proximity to buildings or other structures, etc. These things combine to make placement a nearly case-by-case decision. In an effort to maximize the stability, beauty, productivity and self replication of the ecosystem we hope to create, we will employ (and open source share) as many of these and other design criteria as possible in the development and placement of all plantings at One Community.
CLICK THIS IMAGE TO LEARN ALL ABOUT FOOD FORESTS ON THE MAIN HUB PAGE
CANOPY
Canopy trees are those that make up the uppermost layer of the forest planting. It should be remembered that this can vary with the species assembly and/or the type of forest. A 20ft tall mesquite tree might be the canopy tree in the Sonoran desert site, whereas a 20ft tall palm would be a middle story or understory tree in a moist tropical forest. Therefore “canopy” is used here to mean the emergent trees on this site for this species assembly. Here is the current list of planned canopy species for the One Community food forest (USDA Zone 7a-7b):
Abies sp. (Fir)
Abies is a genus of approximately 55 species of trees in the Pinaceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are medium to large evergreen conifers (30-250 feet in height) bearing upright cones. Fir is utilized mainly for pulp and plywood as the wood is not durable enough for timber use. The tree is an important part of the forest ecologies in which it grows, as habitat for birds and insects. There are medicinal uses recorded.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Abies in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Abies will tolerate some drought once established
- They do best with organic matter and steady moisture
- The trees are found in cool, moist, mixed evergreen forests
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Acacia spp. (Thorntree, Wattle)
Acacia is a genus of approximately 1300 species of trees and shrubs in the Fabaceae, native mainly to Australia and Africa. They are generally xerophytic, low branching, drought deciduous trees frequently armed with thorns on their branches (the genus name derives from the Greek word for thorn). They are nitrogen fixing, and many produce valuable timber or fuel wood, useful gums, edible seeds and flowers, etc.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Acacia in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Acacias are adapted to climate with a long dry season
- They form deep root systems and fix nitrogen, creating their own fertility
- Supplemental water in the first year will also improve establishment rates
- Ripping a site prior to planting Acacias will encourage deep rooting and speed establishment
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Acacia should be planted when small, as their root systems do not hold well in pots. Deep treepots are best. These should be planted in a well drained site, mulched well, and watered in thoroughly. Rhizobium inoculation is beneficial.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Acer sp. (Maple)
Acer is a genus of approximately 128 species of shrubs to large trees in the Aceraceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. They range in size from 30 to 150 feet in height. Half of the species of maples are listed as threatened. They are usually climax species in the forests they inhabit. Maple has been a valued wood for cabinetry, musical instruments, etc. for centuries.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Acer in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- They usually sprout in existing forest
- Maples are shade tolerant when young
- They will grow best in soils enriched with organic matter
- The Asian Longhorned Beetle is the worst insect pest in North America
- They are responsible for the destruction of thousands of maples annually
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Albizia (Silk Plant, Silk Tree, Siris)
Albizia is a genus of 150 species of fast growing subtropical to tropical trees and shrubs in the Fabaceae, mainly native to the Old World tropics. The most common species in the U.S., Albizia julibrisin, is hardy to New York in sheltered locations. The trees are grown for forage, fuelwood, timber, bee pasture and medicine. In certain places they have escaped cultivation and are considered invasive by some.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Albizia in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The trees readily sprout from seeds
- Trees should be inoculated with Rhizobium
- Young seedlings should be planted out before they become pot bound
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Amelanchier (Serviceberry)
Amelanchier is a genus of approximately 20 species of deciduous shrubs and trees in the Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The plants range in height from 2 to 50 feet. The fruit is a pome, and ranges from bland to sweet and delicious. They are important wildlife food and are cultivated for their fruits. Recent breeding work has developed improved varieties.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Serviceberry in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- They plant is hardy and can withstand some drought once established
- Amelanchier can be grown on most soils provided they are well drained
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Amomyrtus (Luma, Meli)
Amomyrtus is a genus of 2 species in the Myrtaceae native to Chile and Argentina. Shrubs to large trees these plants produce white flowers with exerted stamens and red to black fleshy edible fruits. The plants are self-compatible, and the flowers have a reputation as good bee pasture. The larger species reaches 60 feet in height, and produce very hard dense wood.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Amomyrtus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The plants occur on moist shaded sites
- The trees need regular moisture throughout the year
- Microclimate selection may be an important design factor
- Mulches should be maintained to prevent the soil from drying out
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Newly transplanted trees should be mulched thoroughly and watered in well. They should receive regular irrigation until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Araucaria† (Parana pine, Monkey Puzzle Tree)
Araucaria is a genus of 19 species of large coniferous trees in the Araucariaceae. They are Gondwanan relicts, being distributed from eastern Australia through New Guinea and New Caledonia to southern South America. The range from 100-250 feet in height and are mainly dioecious; female trees form large globose cones containing edible seeds. These have been important food trees to people in their native range.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Araucaria in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- They prefer open sunny sites
- They do not seem to be particular to soils
- Established trees can withstand a dry season
- Araucaria are large trees and allowances should be made for their eventual size
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Trees should be planted in a well drained site and should be mulched thoroughly and watered in well. Supplemental irrigation should proceed at regular intervals until establishment.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Arctostaphylos spp. (Manzanita, Bear’s grape, Kinnikinik)
Arctostaphylos is a genus of approximately 60 species of woody perennials in the Ericaceae, native mainly to western North America. They range from creeping mat-forming species, to shrubs to small trees to 20 feet in height. The small berries are edible although somewhat dry. They were an important food source for many California tribes. The leaves are used medicinally to treat urinary infections.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Arctostaphylos in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Mulch is beneficial
- They resent fertilizers
- Manzanitas form mycorrhizal associations
- They dislike summer water, often succumbing to fungal diseases
- Should be planted before the winter rains so they have time to establish themselves
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting. Water in the first season after planting only if plants show signs of drying out.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Austrocedrus chilensis (Chilean Cedar)
Austrocedrus is a monotypic genus in the Cupressaceae, native to southern Chile and also found in the Patagonian forest in Argentina. The tree is an evergreen conifer evergreen, with a short trunk and narrow crown, growing to 30-70 feet in height. The species is listed as vulnerable, due to its slow growth rate and the fact that it is harvested for timber. It has reddish-brown bark and scaly leaves.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Austrocedrus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Chilean cedar does best with regular moisture and soils high in organic matter
- Trees are grown from seed, which is gathered from the ripe cones and sown immediately
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Wikipedia – Austorcedrus | Arkive – Chilean Cedar
Betula spp. (Birch)
Betula is a genus of approximately 60 species in the Betulaceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are pioneer species in temperate woodland regeneration, being succeeded by oak, maples, and other slower-growing species. They can be tapped for their sap to make birch beer and can be used to make canoes and other wooden items. They are used in herbal medicine aswell.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Betula in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Birches tolerate acid soils and even some waterlogging
- They are found at the edge of marshland and bogs, or alongside streams
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Rhizobial inoculants are recommended. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth. Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Camptotheca acuminata (Happy tree, “xi shu”- TCM)
Camptotheca is a genus of 2 accepted species variously placed in the Nyssaceae or Cornaceae, native to China. They are shrubs to trees from 6 to 30 feet in height, found in forested areas along watercourses. The plants yield several unique alkaloids that have been used as cancer drugs. The tree is highly endangered in the wild; the Chinese government produces the alkaloid on plantations.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Camptotheca in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The trees prefer steady moisture
- Camptotheca will grow in wet soils
- Highest concentration of alkaloid is in the seeds
- Camptotheca is grown from fresh seed or cuttings
- Trees can withstand some drought once established
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be planted after last frost, mulched thoroughly and watered in well. Continue regular irrigation. Once new growth commences, regular light applications of fertilizer can be given throughout the growing season.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Caragana arborescens (Siberian Pea Shrub)
Siberian pea shrub is a perennial shrub from 6 to 20 feet in height in the Leguminosae, native to China and Siberia. The plant produces dense foliage, making a good windbreak. The abundant yellow flowers can be steamed and eaten. Plants fix nitrogen, and have extensive root systems, aiding in erosion control. The high-protein seeds are edible cooked and are also widely used as poultry feed.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Siberian pea shrub in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Caragana arborescens are relatively long-lived
- Can be coppiced repeatedly for mulch and compost material
- Neutralize various soil types, preparing the ground for more valuable crop
- Seedlings should be inoculated with Rhizobium to speed growth and enrich the soil
- Often planted along poultry runs; seeds can drop directly to the birds, eliminating harvesting
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Seedlings should be planted out as early as possible to avoid getting root bound in the containers. Dibble tubes or tree pots are best to accommodate the plants tap roots. Inoculate with Rhizobium. After planting, mulch and water until signs of new growth appear. Siberian peashrub seems largely disease and pest free.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Wikipedia – Caragana arborescens | More info
Carya (Pecan, Hickory)
Carya is a genus of 19 species of deciduous trees in the Juglandaceae, native to North America and Asia. They are large trees that can reach 150 feet in height. These trees are valued for their shade, edible nuts, timber and wildlife habitat. They are self-incompatible and are best grown in groves. The quality of the nuts varies widely, so if planted as a food crop, selected cultivars should be planted.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Carya in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Carya need a deep well drained soil
- Trees prefer high organic matter soil content
- The trees form deep roots and should not be held too long in nursery container
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Castanea spp. (Chestnut)
Castanea is a genus of 9 species in the Fagaceae, native to the Northern hemisphere. They are medium to large trees, or shrubs in the case of the “chinkquapin” species. They produce their edible seeds in a spiny “burr”, rather than the acorns produced by their relatives, the oaks. The flowers appear in late spring or early summer, or into July. These chestnuts are an important food for people and animals wherever they are grown.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow chestnuts in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- On alkaline soils, they can be grafted onto oak rootstocks
- They do best with moisture distributed throughout the year
- The trees prefer deep well-drained soils with a neutral to acid pH
- Chestnuts are hardy to Zone 5, but late frosts can damage young buds
- They dislike limestone, but will grow on sandstone or granite substrates
- They are prone to several fungal diseases, including chestnut blight and phytophthora
PLANTING GUIDELINES
We will initially plant proven grafted varieties; these will be received as bare-root trees in early spring. These should be planted and mulched, and watered at intervals in the manner of young oak trees. Some summer irrigation will be necessary at the One Community site.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Catalpa (Indian Bean Tree, Cigar Tree)
Catalpa is a genus of 11 accepted species in the Bignoniaceae, native to eastern Asia and the Northern Hemisphere of the Americas. They are mainly deciduous trees reaching heights of 40-60 feet. Indian bean trees have large cordate leaves, and the trees cast dense shade. The thin winged seeds are borne in long string-bean like pods, and are wind dispersed.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Catalpa in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Trees can stand some drought once established
- Trees benefit from mulch and some summer water
- The trees grow in a wide range of soils, as long as they are well drained
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Ceanothus spp. (California lilac, New Jersey tea)
Ceanothus is a genus of approximately 60 species of shrubby perennials in the Rhamnaceae, native to North America, especially California. They are evergreen to deciduous, with dense clusters of white, blue, or purple flowers, often fragrant. The leaves are important wildlife browse and have been used medicinally. The branches were used in basketry by the Miwok people of California.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Ceanothus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Seeds require scarification
- Plants are very drought tolerant
- May require smoke treatment to germinate
- Seeds are recalcitrant, and require stratification
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Avoid overwatering as plants are subject to root rot if kept too moist.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Celtis (Hackberry)
Celtis is a genus of approximately 70 species of deciduous trees variously placed in the Ulmaceae, Celtidaceae, or Cannabaceae. The plants are native to warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with a few found in south Africa and South America. They range in size from 30 to 80 feet in height. The edible fruits are small drupes ¼ to ⦜ inches in diameter, with a dry sugary flesh.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Celtis in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The trees are drought tolerant once established
- They are occasionally subject to fungal diseases
- The larvae of certain Lepidoptera feed on the leaves
- They are important sources of wildlife food, and the flowers are good bee pasture
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Cephalotaxus (Plum Yew)
Cephalotaxus is a genus of 11 species of conifers in the Cephalotaxaceae native to eastern Asia. They are shrubs to small trees to 30 feet. Species are monoecious or dioecious. They are unusual among conifers in having a fleshy covering to the seed cones, a dispersal strategy in which squirrels and other mammals carry the fruits away from the parent tree to germinate. These fruits have been eaten by humans and used medicinally.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Cephalotaxus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- All species in the genus are slow growing
- All species are threatened with habitat loss
- All species are over harvested for medicinal uses
- Some smaller species will only reach 10 feet in height
- They should receive supplemental irrigation during dry periods
- They should be grown in soils with a high organic matter content
- Those under 10 feet in height would be considered understory trees
- Young trees prefer shade, although they will tolerate full sun with age
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Trees should be planted in a shady location, or artificial shade provided for the first few years in hot summer climates. Soil should be amended before planting with well-aged compost or other organic matter. Newly transplanted trees should be watered in well and given regular irrigation until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Cercidium (Palo Verde)
Cercidium is a medium desert tree in the Caesalpinioideae native to the Sonoran Desert region. As the name suggests, the trunk and branches are green, due the the chlorophyll they contain. This allows the tree to photosynthesize food even when drought has caused the leaves to fall. The tree reaches 25-30 feet at a relatively slow rate, and is considered a climax species. The seeds are eaten by the Seri people.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Cercidium in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The tree forms hydrophobic soils beneath its canopy
- Hydrophobic soils prevents competition under the canopy by most other plants
- The tree is browsed by many desert herbivores and the fallen seeds by javelinas
- Hydrophobic soils direct rainfall out to the drip line, to be absorbed by the feeder roots
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Trees form deep tap roots and should be planted when small. Some supplemental water is necessary for the first year after which they should not be irrigated.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Las Pilitias Nursery – Cercidium
Cladrastis (Yellowwood)
Cladrastis is a genus of 7 species of trees in the Leguminosae native to eastern Asia with the exception of one North American species, Cladrastis kentukea, a rare tree of limited distribution, mainly in Kentucky and Tennessee. This deciduous species reaches heights of 30 to 45 feet, with a low-branching habit and rounded crown. Fragrant white flowers are followed by 3-4 inch long pods containing 2-6 seeds.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow yellowwood in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- It is adaptable to a fairly wide range of pH
- Yellowwood prefers full sun and moist well drained soils
- Prune in the summer to avoid “bleeding” of sap that occurs in winter and spring
- It tends to grow best among other trees on windy sites or where winter sun can be intense
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be planted out into a well-worked soil enriched with compost. They should be mulched well and irrigated at regular intervals until signs of growth begin.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Diospyros kaki (Japanese Persimmon)
Japanese persimmon is a medium tree to 30 feet in height in the Ebenaceae, native to Japan and China. It is one of only a few species of Diospyros that is native to temperate regions. It produces a yellow, orange or red fruit the size of an apple. Fruits of some cultivars are astringent until fully ripened, other cultivars are non-astringent and can be eaten while firm.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Japanese persimmon in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Grafted trees will also come into bearing much sooner
- Trees are tap rooted and should not be held in nursery pots for too long
- If grown for fruit, grafted varieties should be planted, as the quality of seed grown trees varies
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Diospyros virginiana (American Persimmon)
American persimmon is a medium to large dioecious tree 40-80 feet in height in the Ebenaceae, native to the southeastern U.S. One of the few members of the Ebenaceae that is native to a temperate region; most species are tropical to subtropical. The female trees produce edible fruit that are astringent until fully ripened. The wood is heavy, hard and useful for durable items.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow American persimmon in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The quality of the seed grown trees varies widely
- If grown for fruit, grafted varieties should be planted
- Grafted trees will also come into bearing much sooner
- Trees are tap rooted and should not be held in nursery pots for too long
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear. Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Wikipedia – Diospyros virginiana
Drimys (Mountain Pepper, Winter’s Bark, Canelo)
Drimys is a genus of eight species in the Winteraceae, native from southern Mexico to southern South America. They are evergreen shrubs and trees that can reach 60 feet in height under favorable conditions. They have reddish-brown bark and fragrant white flowers. The whole plant is rich in aromatic essential oils, especially the bark which has been used medicinally. The fruit is a fleshy blue berry.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Drimys in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- They should be irrigated during prolonged dry periods
- The type species, D. winteri, is said to be hardy to -4F
- They should be planted in soil enriched in organic matter
- Drimys are native to cool moist woodlands or upper elevation cloud forests
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be planted on a well drained site, mulched thoroughly, and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Embothrium coccineum (Notro, Ciruelillo)
Embothrium is a genus of 2 to 8 species in the Proteaceae, native to Chile. The notro tree is an upright evergreen to occasionally deciduous tree to 50 feet. The flowers are tubular dividing into four reflexed lobes and exerted stamens and style. The species produces a soft pinkish timber that is used for carving. The Mapuche people use the plant medicinally to treat skin ailments and other conditions.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow notro in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Embothrium can sucker to form thickets
- Embothrium grows in full sun to partial shade
- The species may need supplemental water to establish
- The species is near it’s climatic limit at the OC site and is experimental
- The species is sensitive to phosphorus; do not apply P-containing fertilizer
- Mulch is essential; Proteaceae roots secrete acids to digest woody plant remains
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be placed in their permanent location when small, taking care not to disturb the root system. Plants should receive adequate moisture, but do not overwater. Mulch immediately and keep the mulch layer topped up as it decays. Young plantings may benefit from light shade for the first few summers.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Eucommia (Duzhong)
Eucommia is a monotypic dioecious species in the Eucommiaceae, reaching up to 60 feet. It is the sole genus of this family. The tree is native to China, where it is extinct in the wild due to over harvesting for its medicinal bark, known as “duzhong” in TCM. China banned all exports in 1977, since they haven’t enough for domestic consumption. The tree is also the source of a latex, which has medicinal and industrial uses.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Eucommia in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The tree is raised from seed or semi-softwood cuttings
- Trees can regenerate stripped bark if it’s been removed properly
- For medicinal use, the bark is not harvested until the tree is 10 years old
- Trees can regenerate stripped bark if too much cambium hasn’t been exposed
- The tree seems tolerant of most soils, and is apparently free of pests and diseases
- Upright habit is reached if the the trees are pruned to a central leader for the first few years
- Seeds from cuttings should undergo cold moist stratification, to germinate the following spring
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young plants should be mulched following planting, and watered in well. It is not known how drought tolerant Eucommia is, nor is there any information on possible mycorrhizal associations. Given it’s position as the sole member of its family, it would be a worthwhile experiment to investigate this aspect of the trees cultivation.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Wikipedia -Eucommia | Dendrology.org
Fagus (Beech)
Fagus is a genus of 11 species in the Fagaceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are large trees to 100 feet in height, and are important for their wood, used as fuel or pulp. Their nuts are important wildlife food, stock fodder, and are eaten by humans or pressed for edible oil. Beech cast dense shade, and drop a thick leaf litter in the fall, making them excellent nutrient cyclers.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Fagus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Beech trees require good drainage
- Trees are adaptable to a wide range of soil type and pH
- Can be subject to infestations of Lepidoptera, scale insects and some fungal diseases
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Ficus carica† (Fig)
In accordance with our botanical garden model and our for The Highest Good of All biodiversity goals, One Community will also grow a broad diversity of rare and delicious figs. We are establishing the necessary relationships with the nursery capable of providing these delicious figs for anyone who will want to duplicate our efforts so that more and more people around the world begin to add fig diversity to their own gardens.
The common fig tree is a drought and cold deciduous shrub/small tree. The leaves are large and deeply lobed or serrated. The “fruit” is actually an inside-out flower called a synconium. The flesh can be translucent, white, pale yellow to red or purple, and the tiny edible seeds add to the overall eating experience. Figs must ripen on the tree, and are eaten fresh when available. Surplus crops can also be dried for later use.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow figs in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Fertilize figs lightly if at all
- Fig trees benefit greatly from mulch
- Figs are drought tolerant once established
- Cuttings are the preferred propagation method
- Figs are ripe when the “neck” softens and fruits droop
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Fitzroya cupressoides (Alerce)
Fitzroya is a monotypic genus in the Cupressaceae native to Chile. It is the largest tree species in South America with individual trees reaching over 200 feet in height and 15 feet in diameter. The commercially valuable timber has been exported since the 1800’s, and vast forests of alerce were burned to clear land for agriculture. The species is now protected, although illegal logging still occurs.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Fitzroya in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Fitzroya is grown from seed
- The species grows in most soil types
- Alerce may benefit from mycorrhizal inoculation
- Trees may require supplemental water to establish
- Alerce will be hardy at the One Community property
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be grown to 5 gal size before planting out. After planting, mulch well and water. Continue weekly irrigation until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Ginkgo (Ginkgo Nut)
Ginkgo is a monotypic genus in the Ginkgoaceae, and the only genus in that family. The tree is a living fossil, having existed for over 250 million years. It is native to central China, where is has been planted widely for its edible seeds and medicinal leaves. The tree is dioecious, from 60 to 120 feet in height and can re-sprout from lignotubers at the base if damaged.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Ginkgo in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The trees prefer well drained soils and regular water during the growing season
- The flesh contains compounds that can act as skin irritants in sensitive individuals
- The seeds do not have this odor, as the fleshy outer covering is peeled and discarded
- The fleshy fruit on female trees has a strong aroma that some people find objectionable
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Gomortega keule (Keule)
Gomortega keule is the sole species in the Gomortegaceae, native to a few remnant patches of coastal forest in central Chile. It is an evergreen tree to 50 feet in height, occasionally reaching 100 feet. The trunk is usually straight and unbranched on the lower two thirds, making it attractive to timber cutters. The tree produces an edible sweet yellow fruit to 2 inches in diameter.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow keule in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Cut trees coppice well
- Keule is native to cool temperate forest habitats
- Young plants grow slowly for the first few years
- Seeds are slow to germinate, and the percentage is low
- No selection work has been done to improve fruit quality
- The species is listed as endangered due to over harvesting
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Seedlings should be grown to a 5 gal size to improve the chances of establishment. These should be planted in a well drained soil high in organic matter. Some supplemental shade should be provided for the first few summers, unless the trees are planted in existing forest locations. Adequate irrigation should be maintained.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Gymnocladus (Kentucky Coffee Tree)
Gymnocladus is a genus of 3 species of trees in the Fabaceae; two are Asian and the other (Gymnocladus dioicus) is native to southeastern North America. It is known as the Kentucky coffee tree from the use by early colonists of its seeds as a coffee substitute. The tree reaches 50-70 feet in height with a spread of 40-50 feet. It is relatively fast growing and long lived, to 100 years or more.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Gymnocladus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The large compound leaves, up to 3 feet long and 2 feet wide
- Produces abundant mulch, making the tree a good nutrient cycler
- The tree becomes deciduous early in the fall and can be bare for 6 months of the year
- In crowded forest conditions the trunk remains unbranched as it reaches for the canopy
- This allows winter sun onto the forest floor beneath it and can be a useful design element
- The tree tends to divide its central leader 10-15 feet above the ground if grown in the open
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be planted out into a well-worked soil enriched with compost. They should be mulched well and irrigated at regular intervals until signs of growth begin.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Juglans sp. (Walnut)
Juglans is a genus of 21 species of trees in the Juglandaceae, mainly native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are deciduous trees ranging from 30-130 feet in height. The nuts are an important commercial crop throughout its range. Walnut timber is among the the most prized temperate hardwoods. The tree has medicinal use and the nut shells have applications in plastic, paint thickeners, etc.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Juglans in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The trees have deep roots and should not be held in pots long
- Other plants are immune, and grow well with walnuts, e.g. Elaeagnus, Alnus and Ribes
- The roots secrete juglone, an allelopathic chemical that suppresses growth of other plants
- Walnut trees grown together with these companions have 30% increase in height and girth
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth. If grown for nuts, grafted cultivars should be planted to ensure cross-pollination and higher yields. If grown for timber, closer spacing and appropriate interplant will yield larger trees and better trunks.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Keteleeria spp.
Keteleeria is a genus of from 3 to 14 species belonging to the Pinaceae. They are found from southern China to northern Vietnam and Laos at higher elevations. Branchlets are slender, densely covered with short, stiff, brown hairs, many of which remain till the end of the second year. Trees grow up to 100 feet tall and 3 feet in diameter, with greyish-brown bark longitudinally fissured, peeling off in flakes. Keteleeria has medicinal uses.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Keteleeria in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Young trees prefer full sun
- Good drainage is essential
- Pines form mycorrhizal associations
- Potbound trees often struggle to establish or succumb
- The trees are shade intolerant and prefer neutral to alkaline soils
- Seedlings should be planted out as soon as possible in their permanent location
- Trees should be inoculated with an appropriate mix of symbiotic fungi for best growth
- The trees are very adaptable to different soils, but prefer light sandy to medium loams
- Due to their close relationship, they can probably be cultured much like most Pinus species
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be grown up to a 5 gal. size, and then planted in an open location. They should be mulched well and watered regularly until signs of new growth appear. Mycorrhizal inoculation would also be beneficial, as with Pinus.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Laurelia sempervirens (Tihue)
Laurelia is a genus of 2 accepted species in the Atherospermataceae or Monimiaceae, native to Chile and New Zealand. It is a large evergreen forest tree to 100 feet in height. The leaves and wood of the tree are strongly aromatic. The bark is deeply fissured and exfoliates in large plates, and the timber is pale yellow and fine grained. The leaves have been used medicinally by the Mapuche people.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Laurelia in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Tihue needs good drainage
- The trees are not drought tolerant
- Trees prefer soils high in organic matter
- Tihue may not be fully hardy at the OC site
- Winter protection for the first few years will aid establishment
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plant out in a shady spot in soils amended with compost. Water in well and mulch thoroughly. Continue irrigation at regular intervals
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Wikipedia – Laurelia_sempervirens
Laureliopsis (Tepa)
Laureliopsis is a monotypic genus variously placed in the Monimiaceae or the Atherospermataceae. It is native to the temperate forests of southern Chile. The tree reaches 60 feet in height. The wood and leaves are aromatic, and early Spanish colonists called it laurel, after the mediterranean Laurus nobilis; however these two species are not closely related. Tepa has insect-repelling and medicinal properties.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Laureliopsis in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Laureliopsis is native to cool moist woodlands
- The species hardiness is not known with certainty
- They should be irrigated during prolonged dry periods
- Tepa should be planted in soil enriched in organic matter
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Trees should be planted in a well drained site. They should be mulched thoroughly and watered in well. Supplemental irrigation should proceed at regular intervals until establishment.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Leucosidea sericea (Ouhout)
Leucosidea is a monotypic genus in the Rosaceae, native to southern Africa. It is a shrub or tree to 20 feet in height. The plant can branch low or have a single upright trunk, with rough reddish bark that tends to peel off in pieces. Leaves are an alternate compound and tomentose; it flowers in terminal spikes, with the fruit being a nut. The plant is used medicinally by the Zulu and Xhosa people.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Leucosidea in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Ouhout grows on many soil types
- Timber is used for fence posts and fuel
- The tree is a good nectar source for bees
- Leucosidea stands some drought once established
- The tree is not grazed and increases in overgrazed land
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be planted out in spring after last frost. Mulch thoroughly and water in well. Continue regular irrigation until new growth appears.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Liquidambar styraciflua (Liquidamber tree, American sweetgum)
Liquidambar is a genus of five species in the Altingiaceae or Hamamelidaceae, distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. L. styraciflua is a medium to large deciduous tree to 130 feet in height, found in the eastern U.S. down to Central America. It has five-pointed palmated leaves and distinctive spherical spikey seedpods. The tree is grown for ornament, shade, timber, gum, and medicinal uses.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Liquidambar in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Liquidambar requires good drainage
- The species prefers slightly acid to neutral soil
- The tree will be hardy at the One Community property
- Plants are propagated from seed, rooted cuttings or grafts
- If grown for timber, prune lower branches and side leaders
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees can be planted when dormant from fall through spring. They should be mulched and watered in well. When growth begins in spring a light application of finished compost or aged animal manure can speed establishment, but is not necessary.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Wikipedia – Liquidambar_styraciflua
Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange)
Osage orange is a medium to large (40-60 ft) tree in the Moraceae native to Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas. It has been widely planted as a windbreak, to control soil erosion, and for its durable hard wood. The 4-6 inch fruit is edible but not palatable, and the seeds are also eaten. The tree produces a milky latex with insect repelling properties, and all parts of the plant yield potentially valuable medicinal and industrial compounds.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Osage orange in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The plant is very drought tolerant
- The species will grow on most soils and a wide range of pH
- The plant forms a deep taproot as well as a wide lateral root system
- Osage orange is a light demanding species, and should be planted in full sun
- For timber production, lower branches should be pruned at first to establish a taller trunk
- Prunings can be used for fodder and the branch wood is an excellent hot, long-burning fuel
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be mulched after planting and watered in well. Supplemental water for the first year or two will speed early growth and establishment.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Magnolia spp. (Magnolia)
Magnolia is an ancient genus of approximately 210 species of flowering trees in the Magnoliaceae, native to Asia and the Americas. They are evergreen or deciduous trees to 60 feet. The structure of the large showy fragrant flowers indicates that they evolved to be pollinated by beetles; Magnolias have existed prior to the evolution of bees. Many species of Magnolia are threatened with extinction. The tree is used medicinally.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Magnolia in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- They prefer regular moisture throughout the year
- They can withstand some drought once established
- Magnolias are best grown in well drained soils enriched with organic matter
- Some evidence suggest that they form associations with symbiotic fungi (VAM)
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Trees should be mulched after planting and watered in well. They should receive regular irrigation until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Malus spp. (Apple)
In accordance with our botanical garden model, One Community will grow some of the most diverse, endangered, and delicious apples in the world. Many of these trees used to be hugely popular but are now virtually unheard of. Apple trees in our food forest environment may be left largely untrained, since they will fill such other roles as wildlife food/habitat, firewood, shade and windbreak, etc.
Each of the specific apples we will grow has been carefully selected for its unique flavor characteristics, specific notable uses (drying, baking, cider, storage, etc.), and to maintain a diverse production season. This will provide anyone duplicating this food production house fresh and delicious apples with a broad range of different flavors and uses throughout the year.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Malus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The trees will grow in full sun to partial shade
- Apples are subject to a number of pests and diseases
- They will grow in a wide range of soils, provided they are well drained
- For woodlot or wildlife, trees may not require as much training and cultural care
- Many rootstocks have been developed to address specific soils, size control, disease resistance, etc.
- Trees should be trained to wide branch angles, as this stimulates early bearing & better productivity
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Morus spp. (Mulberry)
Morus is a genus of 10-16 species of deciduous trees in the Moraceae, native to the warm temperate and subtropical regions of the Old World. It was much used in folk medicine, especially in the treatment of ringworm. They have been cultivated for centuries for their fruit and for the leaves which are fed to silkworms. Trees are 15-30 feet tall, and bear compound fruits resembling blackberries which are white, red,or purple-black.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow mulberries in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Trees are fairly drought tolerant once established
- Seedling trees are generally produced for silkworm production
- The pruned branches are flexible, and are often used in basketry
- Mulberries are high in anthocyanins which have antioxidant properties
- Mulberries can be grown from seed, grafts or large cuttings, which root easily
- If grown for fruit, multiple leaders are recommended and planting known varieties is preferred
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees are best planted when dormant, near the end of winter. They should be mulched and watered in well. With the onset of spring and bud break, regular cultural practices can begin.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Nothofagus spp. (Southern beech)
Nothofagus is a genus of 36 accepted species in the Nothofagaceae, native to southern South America and Australasia. They are shrubs to large trees from 6 to 130 feet in height, with waxy dentate leaves which are fragrant. The flowers are in catkins, and the fruits are in capsules containing winged seeds. The timber is hard and dense, and much of the old growth stand have been logged for lumber.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Nothofagus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Trees grow in deep shade to full sun
- Trees need soils rich in organic matter
- The trees need mycorrhizal association
- Nothofagus cannot survive major wildfire
- Nothofagus needs at least 35 inches rain spread evenly through the year
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young plants can be planted out after last frost. Soil should be amended with compost and inoculated with mycorrhizae. Plants should be mulched thoroughly and watered in well. Some shade protection for the first few summers may be necessary depending on location.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Olea europea (Olive)
Olea is a genus of approximately 40 species in the Oleaceae, native to warm temperate to subtropical regions of the Old World. The most important species is the olive, Olea europaea. They are slow growing evergreen trees to 40 feet, grown for their edible fruit. Edible fruit is eaten after pickling or pressed for oil. The leaves are eaten in salads, and contain anti-viral flavonoids.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow olives in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- They are subject to some insect pests
- Olive trees require little care once established
- The trees are long lived, and extremely drought tolerant
- Tree should be planted in the warmest micro-climates to succeed at One Community site
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Paulownia (Empress Tree)
Paulownia is a genus of 17 species of trees in the Paulowniaceae, native to eastern Asia. They are deciduous trees 40-50 feet in height with large cordate leaves and showy panicles of pink to purple flowers. Empress trees are fast growing and planted for reforestation and biomass. The light soft wood is used in cabinetry. The tree coppices and pollards well, and can be used as a pioneer mulch species.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Paulownia in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Paulownia trees require good drainage
- They establish best in soils that have be disturbed or worked
- The addition of compost or manure prior to planting speeds establishment
- Trees need moisture when actively growing, since they are native to summer rainfall climates
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Phoenix dactylifera (Date Palm)
Phoenix dactylifera, the date palm, is a desert-adapted tree native to the eastern Mediterranean. It is a single-trunked dioecious species with blue-green fronds. The pale yellow spathes of female flowers are wind pollinated in nature or hand pollinated in cultivation. These clusters of the berries are known as dates. Dates have been cultivated in the Middle East for thousands of years.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow dates in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The propagation of offshoots is a slow and labor-intensive process
- The propagation of offshoots has limited the spread of date culture
- Tissue culture is an affordable way for more acreage to be planted
- Dates are propagated by offshoots that occur on the trunk of the palm
- The propagation of offshoots used to be only way to reproduce improved cultivars
- Tissue culture is a newly viable method of producing large quantities of planting stock
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear. Although dates are very drought tolerant, they do require some subsurface moisture.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Peumus (Boldo)
Peumus is a monotypic genus in the Monimiaceae, endemic to Chile. It is a slow growing, small tree to 20 feet in height. The aromatic leaves are used as a culinary flavoring and to make medicinal teas. The small green fruits are edible and considered nutritious. Caution should be taken, as the main compound responsible for the leaves aroma is known to be toxic in large doses.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Peumus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The trees are native to forest habitats
- Should benefit from organic matter and mulch
- Information on the trees hardiness is not exact
- This plant will be considered experimental at the One Community location
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Pilgerodendron uviferum
Pilgerodendron is a monotypic genus in the Cupressaceae, native to Chile and Argentina. It is a slow-growing evergreen conifer to 60 feet in height. This plant occurs naturally in lowland coastal forests in Chile ranging to the eastern slopes of the Andes. The valuable timber is reddish-yellow and resistant to decay; most of the old-growth stands have been logged, and the tree is now endangered.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Pilgerodendron in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The trees are slow growing
- The trees do not survive wildfires
- The plants can grow in wet soils near water
- The trees do not tolerate prolonged drought
- Pilgerodendron prefers slightly acid to neutral soil
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be planted out into well worked soil high in organic matter. Mulch thoroughly and water in well. Continue regular irrigation, taking care not to let the soil dry out completely.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Pinus spp. (Pines)
The genus Pinus contains approximately 120 species in the Pinaceae, native to temperate and subtropical regions throughout the Northern Hemisphere. They are among the most commercially important timbers worldwide, used for their wood and as pulp. Pines are fast-growing softwoods very amenable to cultivation in industrial plantations and can reach heights of 120 feet.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow pines in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Young trees prefer full sun
- Good drainage is essential
- Pines form mycorrhizal associations
- Potbound trees often struggle to establish or succumb
- Seedlings should be planted out as soon as possible in their permanent location
- Pines should be inoculated with an appropriate mix of symbiotic fungi for best growth
- Pine trees are very adaptable to different soils, but prefer light sandy to medium loams
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young seedlings should be planted in a sunny position in fall before the winter rains. They may be inoculated with mycorrhizae in the nursery or after planting. Trees should be well mulched.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Pistacia lentiscus (Mastic)
Pistacia lentiscus is a shrub or small tree to 20 feet in the Anacardiaceae, native to the Mediterranean. It is a evergreen dioecious species, and is drought tolerant. The tree has been cultivated for thousands of years for is fragrant resin, known as mastic. The resin is used as chewing gum, a breath freshener, used to flavor wine, pastries, other dishes, and has medicinal properties
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Mastic in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Mastic has been naturalized in Mexico
- They appear to have few pests or diseases
- The plants are adaptable to alkaline and infertile soils
- They have been introduced to Mexico as a drought tolerant ornamental
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear. Once established, the trees require little care.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Wikipedia – Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia vera (Pistachio Nut)
The pistachio tree is a dioecious species in the Anacardiaceae, native to western Asia. It is a tree to 35 feet. The hard-shelled fruit tends to open at maturity, signaling ripeness while the fruit kernel is the pistachio of commerce. Trees withstand heat, drought and will grow in alkaline/saline soils. The kernels are rich in nutrients, and regular consumption supports healthy cardiovascular function.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow pistachios in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- In the U.S. almost all female trees are a single variety, ‘Kerman’
- Harvesting is usually done with mechanical shaking of the tree
- Poles can be used on small scale planting to accomplish this task
- After collection, a period of sun drying the pistachios reduces moisture content
- The trees are commercially planted in blocks, with 8 female trees around 1 male
- After collection sun drying helps to minimize mold helping open the maximum kernels
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear. Once established, pistachios are a low-input tree.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Podocarpus (Kusamaki, Fern Pine)
Podocarpus is a genus of approximately 105 species in the Podocarpaceae, native mainly to the Southern Hemisphere. They are shrubs to tall trees reaching 80 feet in height. The cones are encased in a fleshy fruit, which has been eaten; however, some authors claim there are mildly toxic compounds present, so caution is advised. The seeds of some species are eaten as well. Some species have a history of use in traditional medicine.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Podocarpus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The trees are native to cool moist temperate to subtropical forests
- They should be planted in well drained soils high in organic matter
- Caution is advised when eating the fruit as mildly toxic compounds are present
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Polylepis sp. (Quenua)
Polylepis is a genus of 28 species in the Rosaceae, native to the higher elevations of the Andes mountains. They are shrubs to small trees occasionally reaching heights of 50 feet in sheltered sites. They are evergreen, with thick flaking bark that acts as insulation in their cold, dry habitat. Their wood is extremely hard and dense, and burns very hot, making it the primary fuel in the region.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Polylepis in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Polylepis grows in cold arid areas at extreme elevations
- They have been grown successfully in more favorable climates e.g. Britain and California
- They are adaptive to range between hot sunny conditions and freezing temperature at night
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Small trees should be mulched after planting and watered in well.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Prosopis spp. (Mesquite)
Prosopis is a genus of 45 species in the Fabaceae distributed in the arid zones of the Americas, Africa, and western and southern Asia. They are drought adapted, deep rooted trees to 20-40 feet. Their wood is hard, dense, and is used fence posts, fuel and as craft wood. The abundant pods (containing large amounts of sugars), and the high protein seeds have been an important food resources for desert people and animals.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Prosopis in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Mesquite should be planted out as small seedlings
- Plantings should be from deep tree pots to encourage the plants tap roots
- Mulch is very beneficial to newly planted trees, as is mycorrhizal inoculation
- In hardpan or caliche soils ripping or augering a deep planting hole should be considered
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Trees form deep tap roots and should be planted when small. Some supplemental water is necessary for the first year or two. Inoculation with Rhizobium is beneficial.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Prumnopitys†
Prumnopitys is a genus of eight species of dioecious evergreen coniferous trees in the Podocarpaceae. They are found along the western side of South America, New Caledonia, New Zealand and eastern Australia, and are a relict of the early flora of the supercontinent Gondwana. The trees reach 100 feet in height, and have been extensively cut for timber. They have fleshy edible fruits which is unusual for conifers.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Prumnopitys in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Trees prefer regular moisture in the root zone
- Trees will respond to drought by browning and dropping leaves
- Seeds should be sown in a free draining mixture and kept moist until germination
- Prumnopitys is closely related to Podocarpus and can be treated as such culturally
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be grown up to a 5 gal. size and then planted in an open location. They should be mulched well and watered regularly until signs of new growth appear. Mycorrhizal inoculation would also be beneficial, as with Podocarpus.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Prunus (Plum, Peach, Almond, Nectarine, Apricot)
Prunus is a genus of approximately 430 species of shrubs and trees in the Rosaceae, found worldwide. The genus contains many species of economic importance including peaches, plums cherries, apricots and almonds. In addition to the cultivated species, wild species are important wildlife food. The species have produced plumcots, apriums, peachcots, etc.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Prunus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Trees need a well drained soil
- Specific varieties may have particular rootstock requirements
- The trees do best with infrequent deep irrigation during the growing season
- Many species show some drought tolerance, but late spring frost can damage buds
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Trees should be planted in late winter or early spring, while still dormant. Young trees should be mulched to retain moisture. Fertilizer should be withheld until trees are actively growing.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Pyrus spp. (Pear)
Pyrus is a genus of approximately 20 species in the Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Old World. They are large shrubs or medium trees to 40 feet tall that produces pome fruit, that in the European pears tend to have a neck that tapers out to the main body of the fruit. Asian species of pears have a more globular shape, while ; Asian pears do not soften, and are eaten while crisp.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Pyrus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Pears are subject to fireblight in humid climates
- At bud break regular orchard culture can commence
- They can generally be treated very similar to apple trees
- Pear trees can be planted in the spring or late winter while dormant
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Quercus spp. (Oak)
Quercus is a genus of approximately 600 species found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The center of diversity is North America, particularly Mexico, although a second center is found in southern Asia. The Asian species belong to subgenus Cyclobalanopsis, although some botanists treat this a separate genus in the Fagaceae. Oaks have many uses; timber, tannin, wildlife habitat, cork, acorns, truffles, etc.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow oaks in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Other fungi, such as Armillaria, can be lethal to oak trees
- After root systems are developed they will make a very large tree
- Considered slow growing trees, although their growth is faster in the early years
- Frequently develop beneficial mycorrhizal relations with a number of fungal families
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young oak seedlings should be planted in their permanent location soon after germination. They quickly form deep tap roots, and care should be taken not to allow them to get root bound in the container; for this reason treepots are best for germination. Once planted, trees should be watered in well, mulched and then watered at intervals, taking care to let the soil dry out somewhat between watering.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Quillaja saponaria (Soapbark)
Quillaja saponaria is an evergreen 40-60 feet in height in the Quillajaceae and is a native to central Chile. It closely resembles the chaparral of southern California. It is a low branching tree with a spreading rounded crown, resembling an oak tree. The tree withstands some drought and is a component of a vegetation type in Chile. The bark is used as a soap substitute and yields compounds with many industrial uses.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Quillaja in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Mulch is beneficial
- The tree should be planted at 5 gal size to maximize its chances for establishment
- Trees should be given supplemental irrigation for the first few years to speed growth
PLANTING GUIDELINES
The tree seems tolerant of a wide range of soils. Good drainage is essential. Little is known of its mycorrhizal requirements, but this should be investigated.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Rapanea melanophloeos (Cape beech)
Rapanea is a genus of 81 accepted species in the Myrsinaceae, native to Africa. Cape beech is an evergreen dioecious tree to 50 feet in height, with thick leathery leaves. The cream to greenish yellow flowers are followed by purple berries, attractive to birds and wildlife. The hard, heavy, pinkish brown wood is valued for furniture and cabinetry, and the bark and roots are used medicinally.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Rapanea in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Trees respond well to fertilizer
- Rapanea grows in most soil types
- The tree grows in full sun to partial shade
- Cape beech tolerates drought once established
- The tree tolerates windy conditions, growing well at the coast
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be planted out after last frost, mulched thoroughly and watered in well. Continue irrigation at regular interval until new growth begins.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust)
Black locust is a tree in the Fabaceae native to southeastern North America. It has been widely planted around the world for its hard rot-resistant timber, nitrogen fixing and soil improvement, bee pasture, fuelwood, and other uses. Trees can reach 60-80 feet in height but are usually harvested before this. The long racemes of flower produce abundant nectar, and are edible battered and fried.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Black locust in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Black locust grows in a wide range of soils and pHs
- Locust borer cause the decline and death of the trees after a few years
- When planted in a mixed species forest stand insect problems are generally reduced
- When grown for timber, care must be taken to control locust borer, the trees main pest
- The tree coppices well and regrows quickly, making it an excellent choice for fuelwood lots
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be planted out into a well-worked soil enriched with compost. They should be mulched well and irrigated at regular intervals until signs of growth begin. Inoculation with Rhizobium is beneficial.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Wikipedia – Robinia pseudoacacia
Sassafras (Sassafras)
Sassafras is a genus of 3 species of deciduous trees in the Lauraceae, native to the eastern U.S and eastern Asia. They are medium to large trees 30-50 feet in height. The species are dioecious, and female trees produce blue-black ½ inch fruits that are important food for many bird species. The distinctive three-lobed leaves are also browse for deer, bear and other mammals. All parts of the tree are strongly aromatic, and have medicinal uses.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Sassafras in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Sassafras trees prefer moist conditions
- They can withstand some drought once established
- Best with soils enriched with organic matter and mulches to conserve moisture
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Schinopsis sp. (Quebracho)
Schinopsis is a genus of 8 species of trees in the Anacardiaceae, native to the dry forest of southern South America. They are slow growing trees to 30 – 45 feet in height. They are locally called “quebracho”, a term meaning “ax-breaker” in reference to the extremely hard wood. The timber is prized for fine furniture, musical instruments, and other applications requiring strength and durability.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Schinopsis in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Their frost hardiness is not known with any certainty
- Schinopsis are known to withstand some degree of cold
- Some winter protection may be required for the first few years at the One Community location
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Schinus spp. (Pepper Tree)
Schinus is a genus of approximately 35 species of trees in the Anacardiaceae, native to the drier parts of South America. They are evergreen or drought deciduous trees to 35 feet in height. The trunk is often knobbed with large burls, makes an interesting specimen tree in xerophytic gardens. The pink to red seed pods have been used as a spice, called “pink peppercorns” not related to pepper (Piper nigrum).
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Schinus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Trees are tolerant of alkaline soils
- Some people may show allergic skin reaction to the resin
- The trees are quite drought tolerant, and require little care after establishment
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be mulched well after planting and watered in well. Subsequent irrigation should be infrequent but deep to encourage the deep root system.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Sciadopitys verticillata (Koyamaki, Umbrella Pine)
Sciadopitys is a genus of 1 species of conifer in the Sciadopityaceae, endemic to Japan. It is considered a living fossil; it has existed for 230 million years. It is an evergreen tree, with shiny deep-green foliage and umbrella-like whorls of needles, that can reach 80 feet in height. The tree is slow growing and is a prized specimen in many old Japanese gardens. The cones take 18 months to mature.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Sciadopitys in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Koyamaki does best with regular moisture and soils high in organic matter
- Trees are grown from seed, which is gathered from the ripe cones and sown immediately
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Sequoiadendron giganteum (Giant redwood)
The giant redwood is closely related to the coast redwood. It is native to the Sierra Nevada range of California, where it survives in sixty-eight groves from Tulare County north to Placer County. The species is listed as endangered. The tree is the largest tree by volume in the world; recorded trees have measured 311 feet in height and over 58 feet in diameter.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow giant redwoods in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Seeds do not grow beneath the parent trees
- Seeds of the giant redwood require sunlight for germination
- Once logged for the rot-resistant wood, the timber is prone to transverse cracking
- Trees should be mulched heavily to prevent weed competition and to conserve moisture
- Redwoods are intolerant of competition and germinate after fire has cleared the underbrush
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Seedlings should be grown to a 5 gal. size or bigger and then planted in an open location. The species prefers a mineral rich soil. Young trees should be mulched and watered regularly until signs of growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Wikipedia -Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sequoia sempervirens (Coast redwood)
The coast redwood is native to the coastal region of central and northern California and the southwestern coast of Oregon. It is the worlds tallest tree (the Hyperion tree, at 379 feet) and one of the longest lived; individuals have been recorded more than 2000 yrs old. Over 95% of native stands have been logged since the 1850s, and today the tree is the sole living species of the genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow coast redwoods in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The trees are insect and disease resistant
- Coast redwood is adapted as a fog harvesting tree
- Young trees must have regular water, and grow best in groves
- Its thick spongy bark traps and holds moisture, wicking down to the roots
- Early growth can be fairly rapid if adequate moisture is present or supplied
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be at least a 5 gal size before planting. The planting site should be sheltered from drying winds, and the soil should be enriched with organic matter. It is best for the area to be deeply mulched after planting, and watered regularly until signs of growth begin.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Wikipedia -Sequoia sempervirens
Sorbus (Rowan, Service Tree)
Sorbus is a genus of approximately 200 species in the Rosaceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are deciduous shrubs or trees to 40 feet. The yellow-white blossoms produce abundant nectar from the red-orange fleshy fruits. These are important food for wildlife, people and the leaves and twigs are browse for many animals. The plant coppices well and makes a good pioneer.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Sorbus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The plant has few pests or serious diseases
- The roots are deep and wide, making the plant a valuable nutrient cycler
- Although Sorbus will grow in shade, it fruits better at the edge of forest clearings
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should continue until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Taxus sp (Yew)
Taxus is a genus of approximately 10 species of evergreen dioecious conifers in the Taxaceae. They are slow-growing and very long-lived, reaching heights of 120 ft and base diameters of 12+ ft. They are unusual among conifers in having a single seed per cone. The cones are encased in a fleshy red aril, which is sweet and edible; however, great care must be taken not eat the seed inside, as these can be fatal to humans.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow yews in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Yew trees are adaptable to many soil types
- Prefer neutral well drained soils high in organic matter
- Deer browse the tree and are unaffected by the taxanes
- They can tolerate shade and will take some drought once established
- All parts of the tree except the aril contain toxic compounds called taxanes
- They are sensitive to soil compaction, so good site preparation is important
- Trees should not be planted near horse or cattle enclosures, as Taxus is poisonous to them
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Plants should be planted out into a well- worked soil enriched with compost. They should be mulched well and irrigated at regular intervals until signs of growth begin.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Torreya (Nutmeg Yew, California Nutmeg)
Torreya is a genus of 6 or 7 species of evergreen conifers in the Taxaceae, native to North America and eastern Asia. They are small to medium (15-60 feet) trees that are either monoecious or dioecious. The cones are one-seeded, encased in a fleshy covering, and the seeds are dispersed by squirrels. The seeds of at least one species, Torreya nucifera, are edible.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Torreya in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Torreya does best with regular moisture and soils high in organic matter
- Trees are grown from seed, which is gathered from the ripe cones and sown immediately
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Ulmus (Elm)
Ulmus is a genus of approximately 40 species in the Ulmaceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are deciduous to semi-deciduous trees, that can reach large size (120 feet has been recorded). The trees are used as timber, fodder, medicine, and the seeds are eaten. In decades past, Dutch Elm Disease has been a major problem, but newer clones have been selected for resistance to the disease.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Ulmus in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Planting stock should be disease resistant
- Respond well to extra fertility by organic matter and supplemental water when young
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Trees should be mulched well after planting out, and given regular irrigation until signs of new growth appear.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Umbellularia californica (California bay)
California bay is a medium to large monotypic tree in the Lauraceae native to California and southern Oregon. Tree to 45 feet, evergreen, with aromatic leaves. Fruits are fleshy with a single large seed. Dried fruits and seeds were used for food by California natives, and the leaves for flavoring, medicine, and deterring pests in stored acorns. The tree yields a valuable blond to brown timber, and many have been cut for this purpose.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow California bay in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- No damage at 10F but burns to the ground at 0F
- The tree is tolerant of infertile soils, growing on serpentine and clay
- Does best with 30″ of rainfall or more, but can tolerate droughts if established
- Grows in redwood, Mixed-evergreen, Yellow Pine Forest and Central Oak Woodland
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be planted in full sun. Since the tree is very slow growing, purchasing larger specimens (at least 5 gal) would be advisable to establish this tree at One Community. Trees should be well mulched and irrigated until signs of new growth appear. Some frost protection while the trees are small would help ensure establishment. California bay emits terpenes that have allelopathic effects, so care must be taken not to site the plant too close to susceptible plantings. The species is also one of two species that is host to Sudden Oak Death fungus (Lithocarpus or tanoak being the other); this should also be considered in siting this species.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Weinmannia trichosperma
Weinmannia is a genus of 129 accepted species in the Cunoniaceae, native mainly to the Andes and South Pacific to New Zealand. They are small to large trees to 100 feet in height, occurring in cool montane tropical to temperate forests. The leaves are opposite and imparipinnate, and the flowers are in racemes. The hard wood is highly figured, and there is a history of medicinal uses.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Weinmannia in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Trees grow in deep shade to full sun
- Weinmannia has bark rich in tannins
- Trees need soils rich in organic matter
- The trees need mycorrhizal association
- Weinmannia does not withstand prolonged drought
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young plants can be planted out after last frost. Soil should be amended with compost and inoculated with mycorrhizae. Plants should be mulched thoroughly and watered in well. Some shade protection for the first few summers may be necessary depending on location.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Xanthoceras sorbifolium (Yellowhorn)
Xanthoceras is a monotypic genus in the Sapindaceae, an important food resource in native to northern China and Mongolia. Its a large shrub or small tree to 25 feet in height. Yellowhorn has compound pinnate leaves and panicles of white flowers, with leathery three-valved dehiscent capsule containing 6-18 seeds that like leaves and flowers are edible.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Xanthoceras in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Xanthoceras is deep rooted and withstands cold, drought, alkaline and saline soils
- It’s partially or completely self-sterile; two different trees are required for fruit set
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Zanthoxylum (Sansho Pepper)
Zanthoxylum is a genus of 250 species in the Rutaceae, native to the warm temperate to subtropical regions worldwide. They are large shrubs to small trees, deciduous or evergreen, usually not more than 25 feet in height. All parts of the plant are aromatic, and many species have traditional uses as spices/medicines. Analysis has revealed a large number of bioactive compounds from the genus.
PLACEMENTS
We will grow Zanthoxylum in any suitable location.*
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
- They will tolerate poor soil
- They can spread by root suckers and form thickets
- The plants grow in well drained soil in full sun to part shade
PLANTING GUIDELINES
Young trees should be thoroughly mulched after planting and watered in well. Regular irrigation should be applied until trees shown signs of new growth.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
CLICK IMAGES FOR PAGES WITH COMPLETE PLANT LISTS FOR EACH SECTION
CLICK HERE FOR ALL THE PLANT PURCHASING RESEARCH
WHERE TO PURCHASE ALL PLANTS
Here are the results of our research for purchasing all food forest and outdoor plants. Unlike everything we will be growing in the aquapini and walipini structures and large-scale garden, we did not price out each individual plant listed here because we wish to wait for the specific planting plan that will be developed throughout the first year of the living on the property; a planting plan that may evolve this list significantly. We did, however, complete sufficient research so that anyone wishing to purchase any of the plants currently listed above will can do so.
We use the following key for all of the plant providers listed below. To jump directly to what you seek, use your browser’s Find Function and remember to put the parenthesis around the letter code for the category you are looking for. Here are the abbreviations with short descriptions of all the categories you will find:
(A) = APPLES
Apples will be an important component of One Community’s Food Forest. We will work to achieve maximum diversity of this important fruit. Any provider listed with an “(A)” is a good source to support anyone interested in growing a diversity of apples.
(B) = BIODIVERISTY
Websites listed with “(B)” are sources of plants that are of interest to our open source Botanical Garden model and the preservation of biodiversity. Look to these sources if you are interested in the preservation of biodiversity too.
(Bb) = BAMBOO
Bamboo has a broad diversity of uses. Any providers listed with a “(Bb)” offer bamboo plants.
(G) = GARLIC
Garlic is food, medicine, flavoring…an essential plant to any community. Mmmm…garlic!
(M) = MEDICINAL
Websites listed with “(M)” are sources of plant with a history of medicinal use.
(O) = ORCHARD
“(O)” providers are website sources of fruits that will be cultivated in mixed polyculture orchards at One Community.
(Tp) = TROPICALS
Providers listed with a “(TP)” provide plants that, in our case, will be limited to the Aquapini/Walapini/Zenapini structures. They may be fruit, medicinal, culinary, etc.
(Tr) – TREES
“(Tr)” providers supply trees for Community forest plantings.
(V) = VEGETABLES
Providers listed with a “(V)” are sites and sources of seeds and plants that will be grown in the community’s food gardens.
(W) = WILD FOODS
Providers listed with a “(W)” are website sources of plant that will be components of Zone 3 and beyond; food plant that do not require much tending or cultivation.
PLANT PROVIDERS
www.sacredsucculents.com (B) (G) (M) (Tr) (V) (W)
Ben Kamm’s collection of useful species includes much more than succulent genera, including California natives, Chilean species, wild food plants, and many little-known or hard to find medicinal plants. Many offerings are available nowhere else. Most have provenance data, describing where they were collected, ecotype, uses, etc. An excellent resource. Limited volume, most propagules are sold out early in the season.
www.centuryfarmorchards.com (A) (O)
Century Farm Orchards is a small commercial nursery dedicated to preserving and disseminating the apple collection of Lee Calhoun, who spent decades locating old apples of the American South. They are the only commercial source for many of these varieties. Not all varieties are propagated for sale every year, so it is advisable to contact them to place orders early. Their web site has excellent descriptions of these apples, their origins, flavors, keeping qualities etc.
www.ars.usda.gov (A) (O)
The National Agricultural Research Service is a department of the USDA. The center at Geneva, New York is associated with Cornell University, and is the repository of the nations collections of apple, grape, and tart cherry varieties. Nearly 7000 apples are maintained here, and are used in breeding programs. Small amounts of dormant budwood are available for many varieties. An important global resource.
www.tropicalfruitforum.com (M) (Tp)
This chat board is one of the best resources for anyone interested in growing tropical or subtropical fruit. Its worldwide membership includes plant breeders, backyard growers, commercial orchardists etc. They have an exchange page where members can buy, sell and trade from their collections. There are many varieties and species held among the membership that are not available from commercial sources.
www.colecionandofrutas.org (M) (Tp)
This is the website of Helton Josue, a Brazilian scientist whose passion for preserving the wild food plants of his region of Brazil has led him to collect and share a wide range of species that are unavailable elsewhere, several are species new to science and have not been formally described. He makes small lots of seed available as they ripen.
www.ecoseeds.com (M) (V) (W)
This is the website of the Redwood City Seed Company, one of the original heirloom seed sellers. Since 1972 Craig and Sue Dremenn have introduced hundreds of valuable varieties of garden vegetables to American gardeners.
www.jlhudsonseeds.net (B) (M) (Tr) (W)
Founded in 1911, J.L. Hudson, Seedsman has for over the last 30 years been operated by David Theodoropolos and Sherri Calkins who are committed to the motto “Preservation through dissemination” Their catalog is always a fascinating read, describing the history, biology, ethnobotany, chemistry etc. for many of the hundreds of species offered. A pioneering company, worthy of support.
http://www.forever-seeds.com/index.html (M) (V) (W)
Source of heirloom seeds, wild food seeds, and dye plant seeds. They also market a hand operated oilseed press.
Offers over 600 varieties of heirloom tomatoes.
www.seedsavers.org (M) (V) (W)
Founded in 1975 by Kent Whealy and his family to share some of his own family’s heirloom garden seeds, SSE has grown into the largest grassroots seed preservation organization in the country. Access is by membership. They maintain a demonstration farm in Decorah Iowa and in addition to several thousand varieties of vegetables, they also have a Heritage Orchard of some 400 regional apple varieties, and 360 varieties of grape varieties from the famous grape breeder Elmer Swenson.
www.sandhillpreservation.com (V)
A real family farm, the Sandhill Preservation Center maintains hundreds of vegetable and grain varieties, as well as poultry breeds. They also have an extensive collection of sweet potato varieties and will share their techniques for successfully growing them in colder northern climates.
www.oikostreecrops.com (Tr) (W)
Sells seedlings of many temperate zone food forest species. has a particularly good selection of oaks, both timber and acorn types.
www.lawyernursery.com (M) (Tr) (W)
Wholesale nursery offering tree and shrubs seedlings and bulk seed of many common species to forestry projects and revegetation projects. Also fruit tree rootstocks in bulk and at good prices.
www.ediblelandscaping.com (M) (O) (Tr) (V) (W)
Good varietal selection of many standard and unusual food perennials.
www.bonitafruittrees.com (O) (Tp)
Extensive collection of subtropical and deciduous fruit trees.
www.rollingrivernursery.com (O) (Tr)
Fruit and nut tree nursery.
Main producer of avocado, citrus and subtropical fruit trees for commercial California groves.
www.frankies-nursery.com/ (Tp)
Source of many rare tropical fruit tree species. Based in Hawaii but ships in bulk to Excalibur Nursery in Florida.
www.dnagardens.com (V) (W)
Canadian nursery that is the licensed propagator for the new “Ben” series of black currants.
Canadian vegetable seed supplier.
Nursery specializing in the production of trees inoculated with the endomycorrhizal fungi producing black and white truffles. The mycelia web in forest ecosystems is an important design element in evolving a food forest, as many tree species are benefitted by mycorrhizal association with certain fungal symbionts.
www.filareefarm.com (G) (V)
Seed garlic and potatoes.
www.hoodrivergarlic.com & www.thegarlicstore.com & www.greenmountaingarlic.com (G)
Seed garlic providers.
www.garlicfarm.ca & www.rasacreekfarm.com & www.snoetic.ca (G)
Canadian source of seed garlic.
www.richters.com (M) (V)
Canadian company offering medicinal plants and culinary herbs, either live plants or seeds. An excellent resource for the herb garden.
www.companionplants.com (M) (W)
Herbs, medicinals, culinary and dye plants and seeds.
www.yerbabuenanursery.com (B) (M) (W)
A significant percent of California native plants were used medicinally and this provider specializes in them and supplies information on traditional medicinal usage.
Nursery supplying ginseng rootlets for planting as well as bloodroot.
www.rareplantnursery.net (M) (V)
Herb and garden plant nursery. A few vegetable and fruit plants as well.
www.healingspiritplants.com (M)
California-based collection of medicinal plants. They list many rare species not widely available.
Florida-based nursery offering many uncommon subtropical herbs.
www.plantdelights.com (M) (W)
Texas nursery offering a wide variety of unusual plants including medicinal, food, bee pasture etc.
www.arneherbs.co.uk (M) (W)
UK source for over 900 herbs and wildflowers. Unknown if they ship outside the UK.
Massachusetts nursery dedicated to the reservation of at-risk medicinal plants.
Oregon nursery with a range of culinary and medicinal herbs.
www.mountaingardensherbs.com (M) (W)
Herbalists that offer workshops in Chinese herb cultivation, harvesting, processing and use. Grow a wide range of TCM herbs offered as seed and plants. Have a number of herbs unavailable elsewhere in North America.Also offers wild food plant of both the eastern U.S and a collection od ‘sansai’ – traditional wild mountain vegetables of Japan.
www.blackfootnativeplants.com (M) (W)
Montana nursery specializing in plants native to the bioregion including wild food and medicinal species.
www.silverhillseeds.co.za (B) (M) (W)
Seed company in South Africa offering a wide range of S.A natives including wild food and medicinal species. Seed is mainly collected from wild stands. Valuable source of some species unavailable outside Africa.
www.hawaiiantropicalplants.com (M) (Tp)
This Hawaiian nursery has some rare tropical medicinals, including yoco and cultivars of kava.
www.treefrogfarm.com (M) (W)
Pacific Northwest natives nursery including medicinal and wild food species.
www.horizonherbs.com (M) (W)
Since 1985 Richo Cech and his family have been collection growing and using plants on their Oregon farm. They offer a wide range of vegetable, culinary and medicinal seeds, roots and tubers.
www.heritageflowerfarm.com (B) (M)
Wide range of perennials, some with medicinal properties although this may not be noted on the website.
www.forestfarm.com (M) (Tr) (W)
Large wholesale nursery of tree shrub and fruit tree stock.
www.rareplantresearch.com (B) (M) (W)
Offering a selection of mostly tender arid-zone species with a particularly good collection of Burseraceae.
www.richardlyonsnursery.com (Tp)
Nursery offering mainly subtropical and tropical trees and shrubs including some rarities.
www.msknursery.com (B) (M) (Tr) (W)
Wide selection of trees shrubs and perennial including some rarities.
www.nolinnursery.com (O) (Tr)
Nut trees, persimmons, and pawpaws.
www.wagonwheelorchard.com (A) (O)
Offering over 1,000 apple varieties as benchgrafts.
www.justfruitsandexotics.com (O) (W)
Good varietal selection of many unusual fruits.
www.kuffelcreek.com (A) (O)
California nursery offering low-chill apple varieties for mild winter climates.
www.sunscapes.net (B) (M) (W)
Colorado nursery offering mostly drought tolerant perennials.
Baker Creek Seeds is an heirloom vegetable seed company offering a wide range of varieties.
California heirloom seed company offering organic seed for over 1600 varieties of vegetable,grain, herb and cover crop seed.
Heirloom vegetable, herb, grain seeds.
www.seedsofchange.com (M) (V)
Offering vegetable, herb and flower seed.
Maine company offering short-season and greenhouse adapted vegetable seed and berry plants. www.kitazawaseed.com (V)
Seed company offering a wide range of Asian vegetables, especially leafy greens. Lists species that are difficult to find elsewhere; pickling melon, water pepper, perilla, water dropwort, etc.
www.vermontbean.com (V) (G)
Seed company offering heirloom and open-pollinated vegetable seed, garlic and berry plants.
www.noursefarms.com (V) (O)
Since 1932, Nourse farms has been a supplier of cane berry, strawberry, rhubarb and asparagus plants.
www.agroforestry.co.uk (M) (W)
UK based company offering an extensive range of edible and medicinal temperate trees shrubs and perennials.
www.badgersett.com (Tr) (W)
Minnesota nursery and private research organization developing nut trees. Offering chestnuts hazels, hickories and pecans. Bred especially to withstand colder climates.
www.csr-inc.com (M) (W)
Conservation Seeding and Restoration Inc. is a seed company and nursery offering seed mixes and native plant revegetation services for the mountain west. Their species list includes wild food plants and medicinal species.
www.permaculturenursery.com (M) (W)
Offering some unusual edible perennials, including Phaseolus polystachyos, a perennial bean species.
www.onegreenworld.com (M) (O) (W)
Wide selection of edible species for temperate climates.
Gary Nabham’s pioneering organization dedicated to preserving the food plants of Native American cultures in the Sonoran Desert region.
Fruit tree nursery specializing in heirloom fruit varieties.
www.tierramadrefarm.com (A) (O)
Fruit tree nursery with a focus on the heritage apples of Virginia. Many unique varieties.
www.arboreumco.com (A) (O)
California nursery offering many rare and heirloom fruit varieties. One of the only sources of improved cultivars of tecojote (Crataegus mexicana).
Located in Puerto Rico, Montoso Gardens supplies many rare tropical fruit trees and seeds from their collection.
www.organicfarm.net (Tp)
Also in Puerto Rico, Sadhu Govardhan has an extensive collection of tropical fruit and food trees. He sell seeds and plants.
One of the largest collection of banana varieties available for sale. Rooted corms or tissue culture.
www.floridahillnursery.com (M) (Tp)
Located in Orlando Florida, they have an extensive collection of banana and pineapple varieties reproduced via tissue culture. Also other tropical ornamentals and gingers.
www.excaliburfruittrees.com (Tp)
Florida nursery offering a wide selection of tropical and subtropical fruiting plants. Has a good selection of jackfruit varieties.
www.desertsurvivors.org (M) (W)
Southern Arizona native plant nursery. Lists some rare desert edible and medicinal species.
Medicinal herb nursery.
www.australianplants.com (Bb) (W)
Located in Southern California, they offer a range of hard-to-find Australian and South African species for xeriscaping and mediterranean gardens.
www.bamboogarden.com (Bb) (W)
Oregon nursery specializing in bamboo.
www.bamboodirect.com (Bb) (W)
Oregon nursery specializing in bamboo.
www.bamboosourcery.com (Bb) (W)
California nursery specializing in bamboo.
www.walkeravenuenursery.com (Bb) (M) (W)
California nursery specializing in aquatic and bog plants including many edible and medicinal species.
www.raintreenursery.com (Bb) (M) (Tr) (V)
Located in Morton Washington, they offer fruit trees, nut trees, berries, vines, citrus, subtropicals, rootstocks, mushrooms and ornamentals.www.burntridgenursery.com (Bb) (Tr)
Located in the foothills of the Cascade mountains. Specialize in unusual and disease resistant trees, vines, and shrubs that produce edible nuts or fruits. Has Northwest native plants and ornamental and useful landscape trees.
SUMMARY
Through applied permaculture principles and proper stewardship it is possible to turn almost any piece of land into an abundant and thriving forest of food. As part of One Community’s Highest Good of All philosophy, and open source botanical garden model, we will be open source sharing our afforestation/reforestation experience as we create our food forest on the One Community property. This process will continue indefinitely and we will keep on-going records of this transformation through detailed notes and time-lapse videos (covering years of development) that we will add to this page as they are completed.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Q: How do you intend to evolve this page?
Part of One Community’s Highest Good of All philosophy is open source sharing the complete details of what is possible with a food forest. Through our open source botanical garden model we will accession all plants on the property and entering the property and then keep detailed records of:
- Planting guidelines for each plant
- Cultural considerations for each plant
- Which plants do best in each of the different zones
- Harvest numbers and details on how to improve harvest volume
- The visual transformation of the property using carefully planned and maintained time-lapse photography
All of these details will be added and updated on this page indefinitely along with answers to questions raised by visitors to the property and this site.
Q: What if I have a suggestion for that I feel would be valuable to add to this page?
Please submit it to us using our Suggestions Page. There are also always positions open to join our team as either a Consultant or Pioneer.
Q: Why are all the names listed in latin?
Latin names are used first because they are universally accepted with common names following in parenthesis.
